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کاربرد نوع شرط:
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: جامعه شناسی کاربردی
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: اسلام,خانواده,زن,فمینیسم,رادیکال
- چکیده: خانواده رکن اساسی جامعه انسانی است و شرط پویایی و استواری آن، وجوب روابط صحیح و پایدار میان زن، شوهر و فرزندان است. اسلام به عنوان عالیترین راهنمای حیات بشری، 1400 سال پیش بهترین هدایتگری و نظریهپردازی در مورد خانواده را انجام داده، تمامی دستورهای اسلام به نوعی ناظر بر صیانت از خانواده است. جامعه کنونی ایران به عنوان مهمترین کشور شیعی، سعی در پیاده کردن اصول و راهکارهای اسلام در زمینههای مختلف کرده، ولی این امر تحت تأثیر عوامل متعددی، از جمله: ورود فرهنگ غرب به کشور به خصوص آثار جنبش فمینیسم ، بازمانده فرهنگ پدر سالاری سنتی و... است که آموزههای اسلامی را در مواردی کم رنگ نموده است. در این مقاله سعی شده تا با روش مصاحبه به بررسی تأثیر فمینیسم بر نهاد خانواده (مطالعه کیفی زنان اصفهان) بپردازیم و در این میان، به نقش زن به عنوان زیربنای اصلی خانواده که مورد بیشترین هجوم فمینیسم رادیکال است، پرداخته شده است. در این پژوهش، از روش نمونهگیری در دسترس استفاده کردیم و این نتیجه به دست آمد که با وجود تفکر مردسالارانه در فرهنگ ایرانی و نفوذ تفکر فمینیستی در جامعه، همچنان تفکر اسلامی مبنی بر حفظ کانون خانواده، اهمیت نقش مادری و همسری، رشد و تعالی زن در کنار مراقبت از حریم خانواده و ..... سرلوحه زندگی زن ایرانی قرار دارد و هنوز هم زن مهمترین نقش خود را در خانواده و حفظ و تعالی آن می بیند؛ ولی در زمینه حجاب و پوشش متأسفانه این مطلب بسیار کمرنگ شده و بروز تقیدات مذهبی در این زمینه بسیار کاهش یافته و لزوم فرهنگسازی صحیح را در این زمینهها نشان میدهد.
- چکیده انگلیسی:  Introduction  The history of feminism starts from human consciousness and its thinking center is gender and its main aspect of all interpretations and its types is this belief that women because of their gender captured in discrimination and the aim of this thought is eliminating any inequality based on physical and somatic differences. The most important feminist narration in opposition to dominated maleness was formed in declaration of human rights of France in 1789. The first stage of three stages of feminism movement evolution is from 1850 to 1920 that called first wave(tide) or reaching to voting right. The second feminism wave (from 1950-1960) with refusing marriage, emphasize on singleness, the employment of women as some of their important ideals and the slogan " women without men with male behaviors" is related to this period. In third wave, a debate raised byJeanbethechealashtain that is famous as motherhood restoration, she defended private living and child-center family and knew the motherhood a complicated, troublesome and merrymaking. In this wave that continues to present, the outlooks of second wave was moderated and diversityand branching occurred in feminist outlooks but second wave effects keep their traces in many places and fields that could point to effects of radical feminism on family institute. Radical feminists know the family as an unequal scene that women are subjugated in it and this act is doing by two constructions in family: 1. Place of woman in role of wife and mother 2. Family training process that institutionalize male and female behaviors in children and perpetuate low-rankingplace of women. This movement placed women in a situation that did not have any tendency for being mother and motherhood. They engaged in more attractive issues than pregnancy, delivery of child, milking and training the child that had quickprofitable results.Feminism movement in family area was the cause of many challenges that some are: motherhood denial, family without maleness, constructive changes in family institute, increase of divorce, increasing of marriage age, absolute singleness, abortion, prostitution and smuggle of women. Feminists believe all family problems are because of the lack of woman freedom and inequality of her rights in comparison with man while its in a situation that Islam is revival of woman right and take long steps in this field, but never by woman restoration as a human and partner of man in humanity and human rights, did not forget the femaleness of woman and maleness of man. Islam is distinguishing differences in some rights, responsibilities and punishments that from feminism viewpoint, the cause of these differences is the disdainful view of this religion toward woman. In Islamic culture, family is the center of love, affection, safety and faith and providing spiritual, mental and emotional needs of its members. In a whole glance, all commands and orders of Islam in a way are observing on preserving family and on its head, supporting from woman as a main substructure of it, offer some maneuvers that maybe apparently being contradict with this aim but originally all are alongside with supporting from woman. Some of these strategies are : headship of man over family and his custody, obedience of woman, Charitable giving(Nafaghe), sharp encountering with fornicators, Hijab and women clothing and cover, admonishing to do right and avoiding to do sin, control of glance and modesty.    Material and Methods  Present society of Iran as a most important Shiie country try to carry out Islam principles and strategies in different fields but this subject is affected by many factors like the entrance of western culture in the country specially the signs of feminism movement, reminder of traditional patriarchy that in some case are fading some Islamic doctrines and teachings . In this article by deep well-constructed interview method, tried to study the effect of feminism on family institute (qualitative study of Isfahan women) and meanwhile in it pay attention to woman role as a main substructure of family that the more evasion of radical feminism is toward it. In this research is used from in access sampling and then coding and categorizing.    Discussion Results and Conclusions  Obtained results show that in spite of maleness (patriarchy) thought in Iranian culture and influence and penetration of feminist thought in society, yet Islamic thought based on keeping of family center, the importance of mother role and wife, growth and sublimity of woman beside the preservation from family bounds is a heading model for life of Iranian woman and yet woman see most important role of herself in family, keep and development and transcendence of it. But unfortunately in field of Hijab and clothing, this subject became very fade and disclosing of religious constraints in this area became decreased and showthe necessity of correct culture makingin these fields.  Â
- انتشار مقاله: 25-03-1395
- نویسندگان: حوریه ربانی اصفهانی,بهجت یزد خواستی
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: جامعه شناسی کاربردی
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: فالگیری,نظریهمبنایی,ناامنی زندگی زنان,کلیشههای جنسیتی,فالگیری فراغتی
- چکیده: مقاله حاضر به روش کیفی و به قصد راه بُردن به دلایل روی آوردن زنان به فالگیری، دلالتها و پیامدهای فالگیری در زندگی فردی و خانوادگی زنان صورت گرفته است. یافتههای تحقیق به کمک تکنیک مشاهده و مصاحبه نیمهساختیافته گردآوری و برای عملیات میدانی تحقیق و تحلیل دادهها نیز روش نظریه مبنایی استفاده شده است. با کمک روش نمونهگیری گلوله برفی با 30نمونه از مطلعان کلیدی مصاحبه شده تا اشباع نظری حاصل گردد. بر مبنای نتایج تحقیق، زنان به دلایلی چون روزمرگی، آیندهنگری، فشارهنجاری، فقدان حمایت اجتماعی به فالگیری روی میآورند. در این میان، مدرنشدن و روانکاوانه شدن فالگیری به عنوان شرایط مداخلهگر و فردی شدن باورها و کلیشههای جنسیتی به عنوان زمینه تسهیلگر عمل مینماید. بر مبنای تجربه و درک زنان، مراکز فالگیری در کنار کارکردهای مشکلگشا و فراغتی به نوعی پاتوق زنانه مبدل شده است. زنان تخلیه روانی، افسونزدگی زندگی، احساس ندامت را از مهمترین پیامدهای مراجعه به فالگیر تلقی میکنند. مقوله هسته استخراج شده از تجربه و درک زنان از فالگیری بر ناامنی زندگی زنان دلالت دارد.
- چکیده انگلیسی: Introduction
Field evidences suggest that the augury has taken a specific gender base And a greater willingness to it among women is seen. Though, in the past, due to the Lack of access to resources that would help them to know their identity and to know who they are and what they can do, women had been drawn toward the thoughts of fate and destiny. Today, the promotion of women's literacy ,dwelling them in slightly different social places have nothing to do much with the willingness of women to augury. So, Field evidence suggests that the willingness and interset to augury is seen even in educated women and visiting a fortune teller has become a part of the everyday life of married women and young girls. This problem illustrates the complex and fluid nature of augury as a cultural and social reality. from a variety of auguries, This research deals with and studies Tasseomancy and palmistry, because they are more popular nowadays. Despite improving economic capital , social and cultural rights of women, this problem is more and more significant in Sanandej. Noting that this problem has turned into a daily activity for a part of Kurdish women. The number of the Augury centers in the city reveals the Social demand for this type of social and cultural act. According to above, this reseach aims to qualitatively studying the causes, contexts and consequences of augury among the customers in Sanandaj.
Matherial and Method
The method used in this research is qualitative. Qualitative method is appropriate to examine the issues in which in-depth understanding of complexities, details and context of the phenomenon under study are emphasized. the augury is also a complex, multi-dimensional and diverse phenomenon, which means that it has many obscure and unknown aspects, and there are many components and elements consisting of the augury, which may vary among individuals. Among the various methods that can be used for the qualitative researches, we will benefit from the grounded theory method. Grounded theory means the discovery of theory from the data that are produced as a posterior on the basis of social research. Thus, unlike methods that focus primarily on the evidence of hypotheses and theoretical propositions, this approach emphasizes the generation of theory. study field according to the variety of augury centers is sanandaj. researcher during the research has gone to 12 augury centers in the city and gathered the data by attention. In this research the snow balling sampling is used for selecting interviewees and theoretical sampling was used for recognizing the number of persons, determining the place of required data, and finding the way of research. The data gathering strategy had been in-depth interview. Participators in the research were women of 21 to 38 years old who went to one of the augury centers of sanandaj. After accomplishing 25 in-depth interviews, theoretical saturation was attained and because of being sure , interviews continued up to 30 persons. According to the grounded theory method, it was used of 3 stages of open coding, axial coding and selecting coding to data analyzing.
Discussion of Results and Conclusions
In this research it is tried that by emphasizing on women experiences and perception, conditions and circumstances after augury adoption in sanandaj city be considered. Besides, Restoring these stages relies on what women had experienced and expressed it orally or did it practically. According to paradigm model(model 1) can be said that acting of women in augury had been under impact of some specific conditions. These conditions are categorized as 3 columns of causative, context and intervening.results indicated that women react to, loneliness, lack of social support, Womanly Routines, Forsighting, goes to fortune-tellers. Here, Gender stereotype and individualization of religion act as contextual conditions and Modernization of fortune telling act as intervention condition. Women in thier own approaches experienced fortune-telling as Troubleshooting, leisure fortune-telling, augury as frindly resorts Channel angery for rethinking.Women consider the followings as the most important consequences for visiting fortune-tellers Mental drain, psychiatristic fore telling, laugury attraction, Being metaphysical of augury, Cynicism lifestyle, Felling remorse and at last social isolation. The extracted topic of perception and experience of women from fortune- telling is woman,s life Insecurity.- انتشار مقاله: 25-03-1395
- نویسندگان: فاطمه غلامی,امید قادرزاده
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: جامعه شناسی کاربردی
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: رسانه,مشارکت سیاسی,فرهنگ سیاسی,جامعهپذیری سیاسی
- چکیده: با توجه به اهمیت مشارکت سیاسی شهروندان در جوامع امروز و همچنین، این موضوع که ایران؛ بهویژه در سالهای پس از انقلاب، افزایش مشارکت سیاسی مردم و دستیابی به توسعه سیاسی را به عنوان یکی از اهداف خود قرار داده است، پژوهش حاضر میکوشد آموزههای فرهنگ سیاسی را که از طریق تلویزیون و مطبوعات به شهروندان؛ خصوصاً دانشآموزان دبیرستانی منتقل میشود، بررسی کند و به این نکته پی ببرد که آیا این دو رسانه به عنوان بخش مهمی از فرآیند جامعهپذیری سیاسی در انتقال آموزههای فرهنگ سیاسی مشارکتی در میان دانشآموزان موفق عمل کردهاند. در حقیقت، پرسش اصلی این مقاله این است که: تلویزیون و مطبوعات در ایران کدام آموزههای فرهنگ سیاسی را به مخاطبان دانشآموز خود منتقل میکنند و آیا این آموزهها دانشآموزان را به سمت فرهنگ سیاسی مشارکتی رهنمون میسازد؟ بنابر فرضیه مقاله حاضر، تلویزیون و مطبوعات در ایران بیش از آنکه به تقویت آموزههای فرهنگ سیاسی مشارکتی، مانند حقوق شهروندی و مانند آن بپردازند، به گسترش آموزه های فرهنگ سیاسی تبعی پرداختهاند و از آنجا که به دلایل مختلف در کسب اعتماد مخاطبان خود موفقیت چندانی نداشتهاند، اندک آموزههای آنها که رنگ و بوی فرهنگ مشارکتی داشته است نیز از سوی مخاطب مورد توجه و استقبال چندانی قرار نگرفته است. نگارنده در پژوهش حاضر کوشیده است با استفاده از روش پیمایشی و توزیع پرسشنامه در میان دانشآموزان پایههای دوم و سوم دبیرستان شهر اصفهان، به سؤالهای پژوهش پاسخ دهد. در همین راستا، 440 پرسشنامه در میان دانشآموزان توزیع شد که 22 عدد از آنها به علت کامل نبودن از فرایند پژوهش حذف شدند و تعداد 418 پرسشنامه مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. در تحلیل آماری پژوهش از شیوههای آمار توصیفی و آمار استنباطی استفاده شده و به این وسیله یافتههای آماری مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتهاند. براساس یافتههای پژوهش، تلویزیون بیش از مطبوعات در راستای گسترش آموزههای فرهنگ سیاسی مشارکتی حرکت نموده؛ در حالی که آموزههای فرهنگ سیاسی که توسط مطبوعات به دانشآموزان دبیرستانی منتقل شده، بیشتر تبعی بودهاند.
- چکیده انگلیسی: Introduction
A participatory political culture is the one of important criteria of democracy and political development a core component of citizenship in a democracy is participation in political activity. In fact if we want democracy, we need responsible people who interested in participating in the political process. Considering that culture is the acquired and is transmitted to people by various social institutions such as family, school, media and etc media as a one of powerful and Impressive social institutions, especially by indirect methods, can transfer the values of participatory political culture to their audiences. In addition, Consider to importance of political participation in developing countries like Iran this paper tries to review the values and cultural that is transmitted by the TV and press to their audience specially high school students, those who are forming their own political self. In order to increase participation, students need to acquire a desire to participate before they leave school. The main question of this essay is what type of political culture is transferred to students by those media? Does they lead high school student to participatory political culture? Our hypothesis is that the Iranian media, TV and press, often is teaching subject political culture to its audience, especially high school students. This is because they can not achieving trust of their audience.
Material and Method
This Paper has used a theoretical framework which provided by Almond and Verba about political culture. Almond and Verba claim to have identified three broad types of political culture .first, Parochial culture, in which no clear differentiation of specific political roles and expectations exists among actors, i.e. political specialization is minimal second, subject, in which institutional and role differentiation exists in political life, but towards which the citizen stands in largely passive relations and third, participant, in which the relationships between specialized institutions and citizen opinion and activity is interactive.
The method of this paper is statistic method. To answer the paperâs question and study of studentâs political culture, 440 Questionnaire is distributed among high school students in Isfahan city that 22 of them were excluded due to incompleteness of the research process, and 418 questionnaires were evaluated. In the statistical analysis, descriptive and inferential statistical methods used and the findings of this study have been analyzed.
Discussion of result and conclusion: Based on the research findings, in the most cases the both of TV and press in Iran transfer values that related to subject political culture. This study also shows that TV more than press can transferred some components of participatory political culture to its studentâs audience, but press cannot do this. Of course, even the TV was not able to transfer high level of participation, such as encouraging students to membership in the parties and NGOs, and they just attention to issues like encouraging their audience to take part in the elections.
According to the findings of this research, the reasons for the ineffectiveness of the Iranian media, especially the press in the transmission of such concepts and values could be their sectarian operation and the mistrust of people to them. Therefore as long as strong parties have not formed in Iran and media perform as political parties, and also as long as they do not have economic independence, they cannot express their true opinions and critiques and attract trust of their audience like high school students.
On the other hand, since the culture of critique and dialogue in our media space is not highlighted, the message is transmitted indirectly to the audience, especially high school students, is the high cost of political participation. Consequently, this message causes people, especially students, to stay away from political participation and active presence in the political arena.- انتشار مقاله: 25-03-1395
- نویسندگان: سارا نجفپور,امیرمسعود شهرام نیا,علی تدینراد
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: جامعه شناسی کاربردی
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: سرمایه اجتماعی,حمایت اجتماعی,زنان تحصیلکرده,احساس نابرابری جنسیتی,احساس نابرابری اجتماعی
- چکیده: افزایش تحصیلات، ورود به حوزه اشتغال، بالا رفتن آگاهی و مشارکت زنان در عرصههای اجتماعی، از عواملی است که احساس و باور آنان به نابرابر بودن شرایط را در جامعه فراهم میآورد؛ احساسی که میتواند فرصتها و عرصههای اجتماعی را به عنوان کالای فرهنگی- اقتصادی- اجتماعی که سرمایه اجتماعی نام دارد، تحت تأثیر قرار دهد. این پژوهش با هدف چگونگی تأثیر احساس نابرابری جنسیتی بر وضعیت سرمایه اجتماعی زنان تحصیلکرده شهر اصفهان انجام شده است. مبانی نظری متغیرها و پارامترهای این پژوهش، بر مبنای نظریات چافتز، بلوم برگ و پیر بوردیو تدوین شده است. روش این پژوهش، پیمایشی و ابزار گردآوری دادهها، پرسشنامه محقق ساخته، دارای قابلیت اعتماد و اعتبار است. جامعه آماری پژوهش، زنان دارای مدرک تحصیلی کارشناسی، کارشناسی ارشد و دکتری، شش منطقه از مناطق چهاردهگانه شهر اصفهان است. حجم نمونه 385 نفر است که با استفاده از فرمول کوکران بهدست آمده است. با استفاده از نرمافزار spss برای آزمون فرضیات و تحلیل دادهها، از ضریب همبستگی و رگرسیون چند متغیره استفاده شده است. نتایج حاصل از این مطالعه نشان داده است که بین احساس نابرابری اجتماعی، نابرابری خانوادگی و احساس نابرابری اقتصادی و سرمایه اجتماعی رابطه مثبت و معنادار آماری وجود دارد.
- چکیده انگلیسی: Introduction
Increasing educational levels, entering to the employment field, increasing the level of awareness and Women's participation in social fields are factors that cause they feel and believe to be unequal terms in society, the feeling that can affect the opportunities and social fields as cultural goods, economical and social that named social Capital. This study aims at the investigation of how the feeling of gender inequity affects the educated women's social capital situations in Esfahan. The theoretical variables and parameters of this study have been based on Chafetz, Bourdiu 's theories. The method of the research is survey and its instrument for data collection is valid and reliable questionnaires which the researcher has designed them. The population of the study is women with BA, MA and PH.D degrees in six areas of fourteen areas of Esfahan city. Its sample contains 385 people calculated by Cranach's alpha formula. Applying SPSS software to examine hypotheses and data analysis uses correlation coefficient, and regression. The result of this study showed significant relationship between the feeling of social inequity, the feeling of family inequity and the feeling of economical inequity and social capital.
Methods and Material
The present study is a survey. collected data using a questionnaire. Depletion of the Women has bachelors, masters, doctorate in the sample. The population of the city is well-educated women, for women, educated women, Bachelors, Masters and PhD are done according to the last census of 58,556 people are officially in 2007, women with evidence sample of the study was all bachelor, Master and doctor of the city in districts 2, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, studied statistical sample consists of six districts of three areas: north, center and south of the city as an example for the upper class, middle and low. According to Cochran's formula about 385 have been identified.
In this study, probability sampling method used and the techniques of probability sampling is random sampling was used. In the first stage of sampling in this study were randomly selected 6 of the 14 districts of the city and is convenient to the quota. The independent variable in this study felt gender inequality, varying background, and socio- demographic characteristics the dependent variable is the state of social capital. For analysis of four felt sense of gender inequality, social injustice, economic inequality feeling, a sense of political injustice, inequality, family feel and is used for analysis of the four dimensions of social capital, social network, social trust, social support and social integrity is used.
Discussion of Result and Conclusions
Studying women's issues is one of the challenges of women's studies scholars, sociologists and other scholars of social sciences and humanities. Gender is social and cultural characteristics of sex, the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and rewards opportunities between women and men in society. The overall feeling is a feeling of unequal gender inequality between men and women refers to facilities and opportunities, Women in an unequal position in social capital are those which have fewer opportunities to use the social life and Taking advantage of the resources and mobility and career success Gender segregation in diverse areas of opportunity and the chance to meet and interact with different people to join the community of women is ssues have always been one of the most important issues .
Industrialization and modernization issues with communities to increase opportunities for women in education and enter the labor market and social participation is associated. Ignoring women's issues has caused a huge waste of energy and ability of society. This is due to the theory that the origin Chafetz the origin of gender rate inequality sense of gender inequality and stereotypical beliefs knows, and Bourdiu that inequality in society is the product of inequality in access to different types of capital. By examining aspects of gender inequality in the sense of feeling a sense of injustice at the highest levels of economic inequality and social injustice felt in a political family and had the lowest sense of gender inequality, social capital dimensions and components show Dimensions of social trust, social support, social network, higher levels of social capital among educated women have and also between the dimensions of social networks and social support are low. The results of the relationship between social inequality and feelings of social capital, family relationships, feelings of inequality and social capital, as well as the relationship between economic inequality and feelings of social capital is significant, Get these results suggest that changes in the alignment of their beliefs Chafetz demographic, technological, political and economic changes in the community can lead to gender inequality. Based on the results of the relationship between inequality and political sense social capital is not significant, view theorists like Bourdiu and Chaftz get this result does not explain. According to the results, the relationship between demographic variables (age, marital status, employment status, income, education, and socioeconomic status) and social capital is not significant. Lack of relationship between demographic variables and social capital suggests that women of different ages, single and married, with different socio-economic base (education at undergraduate, graduate and PhD, as well as having an extremely private jobs and government of income) of social capital are the same.
Significant after only a sense of gender inequality based on multivariate regression analysis, the sense of social inequality and social capital, indicating it is felt that the social dimension of gender inequality, an important and decisive role in shaping women's social capital is.- انتشار مقاله: 25-03-1395
- نویسندگان: زهره رهنمافلاورجانی,مژده کیانی
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: جامعه شناسی کاربردی
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: خشونت,روش کیفی,تحقیر,مصادیق
- چکیده: تحقیر اجتماعی یکی از مسائلی است که گاه آگاهانه و زمانی ناآگاهانه در جریان انتقال پیام شکل میگیرد. وجود آمارهای روزافزون اختلالات روانی و به تبع آن، پیامدهای اجتماعی نشأت گرفته از آن، ما را نسبت به طرح این مسأله جدید در حوزه آسیبشناختی حساس نموده و سؤال تازهای را مطرح کرده است که در سالیان طولانی، بدان توجه چندانی نمیشد. از اینرو، پژوهش حاضر درصدد است تا با اتخاذ روششناسی کیفی و با کاربست تکنیک مصاحبه عمیق نیمهساختار یافته با 40 زن و مرد ساکن شهر تهران، به بررسی درک و تصور سوژهها از مصادیق تحقیر اجتماعی، با کنکاش در تجربه زیسته آنان بپردازد. یافتهها نشان داد که انواع و اقسام تحقیر با توجه به انگیزههای تحقیرگر، شامل چهار نوع تحقیر معطوف به هدف، تحقیر معطوف به غفلت، تحقیر معطوف به قدرت و تحقیر معطوف به تحقیرشدگی است که مصادیق تحقیر اجتماعی، با عطف به اهداف و محورهایی که در چهارچوب آن شکل میگیرد، به دو دسته تحقیر کلامی (شامل: القاب تشبیهی و غیرتشبیهی، تمسخر و استهزا، به کارگیری الفاظ رکیک ) و غیرکلامی (مستقیم و غیرمستقیم) تقسیم میشود.
- چکیده انگلیسی: Introduction
Social humiliation is one of the problems which sometimes occurred attentively and sometimes inattentively during communication. Increasing statistics on psychological problems and social consequences could drag our attention toward a new problem in the field of pathology and raise new questions about humiliation which have been ignored for long time. The object of this paper is to map the conceptual space of humiliation understood as an emotion and a social process occurring within a network of social relationships. The word humiliation has its roots in the Latin word humus, earth. This entails a spatial orientation, a downward orientation, literally a âde-gradation.â âNed-verdigelseâ (Norwegian), âEr-niedrig-ungâ (German) and âa-baisse-mentâ (French) all mean âde-gradation.â All these words are built on the same spatial, orientational metaphor1 that places itself within a framework of relations. Analysis of the etymology of the word humiliation thus shows that at its core is the sense of a âdownward push (linder, 2000, 2).âThe term is synonymous with notions such as humiliation laughing losing face, being made to feel like a fool, feeling foolish, Hurt, Disgraced, Indignity, Debased, Denigrated, Dishonored, Disrespected, dis'ed, Defamed, Humbled, Scorned, Slighted, Slurred,Shamed, Mortified,Rejected ,being laughed at (Klein, 1991: 4). We believe that humiliation is a universal human experience however, the particularities of this experience can only be understood within the social, cultural, and historical context in which these events occur. Humiliation appears in countless forms. It can be (1) an internal experience (e.g., a feeling, an emotion), (2) an external event (e.g., a degrading interpersonal interaction, bullying, abuse, violent conflict, even genocide), or (3) system-ic social conditions (e.g., intractable poverty, discrimination, forced dislo-cation),( Hartling, Lindner, Spalthoff and Britton, 2013: 56). the victimis placed in a situation that feels as small and dignity, character and pride,he has been hurt (Leander, 2001:46). Humiliation and responses to humiliation can have destructive implications at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional and international levels (e.g. Hartling, Rosen, Walker, & Jordan, 2000 Klein, 1991 Lindner, 2006). Humiliation takes an active part in a large scope of situations that people encounter during life, from extreme (e.g. war related conflicts) to ordinary ones (e.g. at work and academic institutes) (Fisk, 2001 Lindner, 2002 Smith, 2001 Uitto, 2011). Because humiliation is believed to be related to anger and aggression, both inward and outward directed, it can lead to retaliation and revengeful behavior, but also to avoidance and withdrawal from the situation (Elison & Harter, 2007 Jackson, 2000 Klein, 1991 Lindner, 2002 Miller, 1988). Humiliation generally leads to unconstructive behaviors to resolve a conflict. This is how humiliation contributes to the enduring nature of conflicts (Goldman & Coleman, 2005 Lindner, 2002). The present research investigated various dimensions of this question of humiliation and social actors in terms of what types of experiences are examples of humiliation? Evidence shows that Humiliation entailing grave consequences for individuals, families and society. Humiliation is traumatic and injury mechanism, because the production process does not end solely to the original space and constantly reproduced in various forms. Although qualitative interviews with a limited number of subjects does not generalize to the population, but also the deep layers and expose this phenomenon in the context of future studies to provide greater levels.
Methods and Materials
Using qualitative method, the current study attempts to apply semi-structured interviews with 40 men and women in Tehran in order to examine the perception of participants toward humiliation based on their lived experiences and their narrative. Thematic analysis is the most common form of analysis in qualitative research. It emphasizes pinpointing, examining, and recording patterns (or "themes") within data.Themes are patterns across data sets that are important to the description of a phenomenon and are associated to a specific research question. The themes become the categories for analysis.[Thematic analysis is performed through the process of coding in six phases to create established, meaningful patterns. These phases are: familiarization with data, generating initial codes, searching for themes among codes, reviewing themes, defining and naming themes, and producing the final report.We selected the most appropriate method to the research question. The method of analysis should be driven by both theoretical assumptions and the research questions and provides a flexible method of data analysis and allows for researchers with various methodological backgrounds to engage in this type of analysis. Reliability with this method was a concern because of the wide variety of interpretations that arise from the themes, as well as applying themes to large amounts of text. In order to Increasing reliability multiple researchers were coding simultaneously.
Discussion of Results and Conclusion
In terms of the subjective intended meaning of the participants, 4 different type of humiliation are goal related (a type of humiliating relationships that humilator done the act of humiliation with a specific goal of reducing, scorning &â¦) power related(this kind of humiliation occur when victim is on the lower statue than humilator. For example boss in related with his/her staffs or teachers in related with students), neglect related (despite of other kind of humiliation, this is an unintended interaction which a person who labeled humilator is innocent and humiliated person think that humiliation was intentional) and dishonored related (when humilator was a victim of humiliation in somewhere in the past and present) humiliation. According to the findings extracted from analyzing the interviews, the examples of humiliations varies on the basis of the goals and the frames which humiliation raised in and it could be classified in two types including verbal (like applying bad words, mocking and poking fun at) and non-verbal (direct and indirect). Diversity and complexity of interaction between people make a porous kind of conceptualization about the concept of actions so it made humiliation like a fixed element of realationships. Accordingly, finding of present research is just the beginning and needs to wide and pervasive study.- انتشار مقاله: 25-03-1395
- نویسندگان: سهیلا صادقی فسایی,نرمین نیکدل
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: جامعه شناسی کاربردی
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: قومیت,تحلیل مضمون,نگرش,تفکرات قالبی
- چکیده: هدف اصلی این نوشتار بررسی تفکرات قالبی و نگرش گروههای مختلف قومی نسبت به یکدیگر است. منظور از گروه قومی، گروهی از انسانها است که اعضای آن دارای ویژگیهای نیایی و اصل و نسبی یکسان یا مشترک هستند. رویکرد این پژوهش مبتنی بر روششناسی کیفی است و جمعآوری اطلاعات از طریق مصاحبه عمیق نیمه ساختارمند و تجزیه و تحلیل آنها نیز بر اساس تحلیل مضمون انجام گرفت. جامعه آماری این پژوهش را دانشجویان دانشگاه اصفهان تشکیل میدهند که از بین آنها 30 نفر به روش نمونهگیری هدفمند به گونهای انتخاب شدند که برای هریک از گروههای قومی شش گانه (ترک، لر، فارس، بلوچ، عرب و کرد) تعداد کم و بیش یکسانی در نمونه وارد شوند. محتوای مصاحبهها طی سه مرحله کدگذاری و یک مدل تماتیک از آن استخراج گردید که بیانگر وجود دو گرایش متضاد به طور همزمان است: از یک سو، نوعی احساس مبتنی بر انحصار طلبی قومی دیده میشود، به این معنا که هر یک از اقوام بر ویژگیها و هویت قومی منحصر به فرد خویش تأکید میکنند و از سوی دیگر، نوعی چندگانگی قومی در میدان مورد مطالعه دیده میشود که با تأکید بر همبستگی ملی، اختلافات بین قومی را تا حدی کنار زده خیر عمومی را در راستای حفظ یکپارچگی و امنیت کشور مورد توجه قرار میدهد.
- چکیده انگلیسی: Introduction
Due to its climate conditions and strategic location, Iran has been a path for crossing different ethnic groups and tribes as well as a place of interaction among different cultures with diverse ethnic backgrounds during history. Ethnicity shows the way of belonging to a group and includes knowledge of historical roots and common traditions. In Iran, ethnic diversity and heterogeneity has sometimes reduced social integrity, particularly in the era of nation-state and nationalism. On the other hand, Iranian national character has provided a possibility for migratory and invasive cultures to merge with each other and be adjusted to new circumstances, appropriate to Iranian culture. May it is because of this reason that we can see different ethnic groups with specific behaviors, morality, beliefs and ideologies common within that group, coexisting in the cultural system and social structure of Iran. Considering the fact that ethnic judgments stem from attitudes towards these groups, studying and investigating them can help knowing cognitive biases people have with regard to ethnicity. After all, our aim is to eliminate stereotypical thoughts based on ethnic discrimination so we can also move towards the elimination of barriers on the path of fair distribution of national wealth and facilities. One of the important elements of realizing national development and reinforcement of social coordination is the existence of a space in which different ethnic groups can have respectful interactions with one another, in spite of differences among them. Accordingly, research subjects in this study include students living in dormitories of the University of Isfahan because the ethnic diversity in these dormitories is rich. Thus it would be possible to find students belonging to different ethnic groups from across the country. To sum up, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the stereotypical thoughts and attitudes of university students related to different Iranian ethnic groups with a qualitative approach.
Materials & Methods
The present study is conducted in a hermeneutic / interpretative research paradigm, using a qualitative methodology. The method of data collection is semi-structured interviews using an interview guide, i.e. a list of questions which are followed in a particular sequence, but in case of raising attractive and suitable points during interviews, the interviewer has freedom to ask unpredicted further questions. The method of sampling is purposive sampling with maximum diversity and heterogeneity. In this strategy, the researcher starts by identifying individuals who have information related to the research topic and are called the informed, and then similar individuals are selected purposively in such a way that all individuals enter the research in a sequence or in terms of one or several dimensions. One of the reasons of using this method is that nobody can claim that the researcher has not considered particular types of cases. The process of sampling in qualitative research usually continues as far as new interviews cannot add to previous information and the researcher observes repetitive patterns of data. In addition, data analysis is based on thematic analysis in which coding process continues in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. In the present study, ethnic diversity includes 6 groups (Lor, Fars, Tork, Arab, and Baloch). The process of sampling continued up to 30 cases and then, the researchers observed theoretical data saturation.
Discussion of Results and Conclusions
In spite of the ethnic diversity of Iran, the people of this land have represented a kind of national integrity and collective idea. Along this national integrity, which is one of the most important factors of survival in each crisis, Iranian national identity has evolved. Yet, there are some specific differences among different ethnic groups. The results of the study show that ethnic autonomy, attitudinal ambivalence, and stereotypical thoughts may lead to a kind of ethnic exclusiveness whose result is the emphasis of each of different ethnic groups on their own particular characteristics and defining an integrated ethnic identity with emphasis on inter-ethnic priority while representing some cliché and stereotypical thoughts about other ethnic groups. On the other hand, showing respect towards other ethnic groups, the existence of several types of ethnic integrity and interethnic relations, and considering ethnic jokes obscene or morally wrong, are a second category of codes, leading us to think of a kind of ethnic diversity. Therefore, it is possible to talk of ethnic exclusiveness and ethnic diversity at the same time among subjects interviewed in this study. We suggest that for eliminating the barriers of ethnic discrimination and injustice, and creating a justice-oriented society in which each ethnic group can utilize national facilities and actualize its own potentiality, in addition to cherish and respect unique ethnic features, we should educate people about the benefits of ethnic diversity and pluralism from as early as within the families and during school years. After all, these are the institutions in which socialization takes place. Certainly, these fateful childhood years shape one's identity. Children should be taught a kind of attitude that says all people in this society belong to a single nation as a whole. In addition, the critical task of the government is to create an appropriate ground and fair access to national resources for full participation of everybody so that no member of ethnic groups feel deprived of national resources and no flaw hit the sense of national identity.- انتشار مقاله: 25-03-1395
- نویسندگان: مسعود کیانپور,لیدا ناصری
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: جامعه شناسی کاربردی
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: مشارکت سیاسی,میزان دینداری,رفتار انتخاباتی,گرایش رأی دهی
- چکیده: رفتار انتخاباتی مؤلف ها ی دوبعدی ناظر بر گرایش، مشارکت و تعاملات میان آن دو است. این پژوهش با هدف تعیین رابطه سطح دینداری با رفتار انتخاباتی در بین شهروندان اصفهانی صورت گرفته است. چارچوب نظری پژوهش بنا به تناسب موضوع، نظریههای ماکس وبر، آلکسی دو توکویل و مکاتب مربوط به این حوزه بررسی شد. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش، روش کتابخانهای و پیمایشی است و برای گردآوری اطلاعات میدانی از ابزار پرسشنامه بهره گرفته شده است. جامعه آماری پژوهش، شهروندان بالای 18 سال مناطق چهاردهگانه شهر اصفهان در سال 1391 است که تعداد 384 نفر از طریق فرمول تعیین حجم نمونه کوکران و در نهایت، به روش نمونهگیری سهمیهای انتخاب شدند. برای تجزیه و تحلیل دادهها نیز از آزمونهای آماری شاخصهای پراکندگی مرکزی، t-test ، تحلیل واریانس یکطرفه، ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و ضریب همبستگی چندگانه استفاده شده است. نتایج به دست آمده نشان میدهد که بیشترین مقدار تأثیرگذار، بعد اعتقادی دینداری با بعد میزان مشارکت رفتار انتخاباتی (0.89 r= ) و در ادامه بعد اعتقادی دینداری و بعد گرایش رأیدهی رفتار انتخاباتی ((*)0.71 r= )، بعد مناسکی دینداری با بعد میزان مشارکت رفتار انتخاباتی ((**)0.58 r= )، بعد مناسکی دینداری و بعد گرایش رأیدهی رفتار انتخاباتی ((*)0.47 r= ) و بعد تجربی دینداری با بعد گرایش رأیدهی رفتار انتخاباتی ((**)0.16 r= ) تأثیرگذار بوده است.
- چکیده انگلیسی:  Introduction  Electoral behavior is a Two-dimensional component that Supervision to how Conduct candidates and method of election of voters that have voting Conditions. This research has been in order to determination the relationship between religion and voting behavior among citizens of Esfahan. Theoretical frameworks of research were studied on Fitness Thread, Theories of Max Weber, Alexis de Tocqueville and Schools in this area. Election is important democratic political structure for making format is considered The Islamic Republic is based on the theory of religious democracy, direct and indirect ways of people effect for making power organization is predicted. With attention of Religion roleâs in political participate in general case and in specific case in Islamic republic shows of much effect of and potential of Religiosity in different election. Investigation of electoral behavior is an important era in political sociology nowadays. Knowing why people vote in a special way and have a special trends in an election is on of issues in this field. Elections in Iran, with about a hundred year history, the greatest symbol of political and social movements play a role in determining the fate of the country is elected. By studying the characteristics and behavioral patterns of elections and electoral behavior are revealed. Electoral behavior is a Two-dimensional component that Supervision to how Conduct candidates and method of election of voters that have voting Conditions. Propose of this study is diagnosing the effect of Religiosity on behavior on people of Isfahan in election with emphasis on Religious democracy, study on new theories on this subject, making Hypothesis on theory of Research on effect of Religiosity on election and test them, describe situation in this communication and application effect on behavior in election and finding answer for this problem for planning political participation. In the other words this research has been in order to Determination the relationship between religion and voting behavior among citizens of Esfahan .    Material & Methods  Theoretical frameworks of research were studied on Fitness Thread, in frame of Sociology theory and other theory (Theories of Max Weber, Alexis de Tocqueville) on this major has been studied and theory our research extracted. The research method in this study is Library and Survey Method and for field data collection is used Questionnaire. The study sample of research is obtained by Citizens over 18 years of 14 areas of Esfahan in 1391 that 384 person by the Cochran formula calculated. For Data Analysis is used of Statistical tests of Central dispersion indices, t-test, ANOVA test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple correlation coefficients. The results show that most influential has been aspect of religious belief with aspect of Participation of Electoral Behavior (r=0.89), and more been aspect of religious belief with aspect of voting trends in electoral behavior (r=0.71 (*)), Ritualistic dimension of religiosity with aspect of Participation of Electoral Behavior (r=0.58 (**)), Ritualistic dimension of religiosity with aspect of voting trends in electoral behavior (r=0.47 (*)) and Empirical dimensions of religiosity with aspect of voting trends in electoral behavior (r=0.16 (**)). Also the structural equation modeling study is represent data confirm with the theoretical framework of research.  The research method in this study is Library and Survey Method and for field data collection is used Questionnaire. The study sample of research is obtained by Citizens over 18 years of 14 areas of Esfahan in 1391 that 384 person by the Cochran formula is calculated. For Data Analysis is used of Statistical tests of Central dispersion indices, t-test, ANOVA test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple correlation coefficients.  Research titled the relationship between religiosity and participation in the election was conducted, prepared regarding this hypothesis: Higher levels of religiosity leads to greater participation in elections. Argument of present study was that considering the religious conditions in the political system in Iran, Those with higher levels of religiosity are most participate in elections to effectuation of a religious political system and the results of this study also reinforces the argument. Thus, Approved both hypothetically in this research and the results corresponded well with the theoretical apparatus.  Finally, it is recommended that electoral behavior measured in the broader surfaces of said, including the level of activity in the design and its relationship with religiosity. According to type of sampling, renewed research is worthy pursuit with probability sampling in the multi-population.    Discussion of Results & Conclusions  The results show that most influential has been aspect of religious belief with aspect of Participation of Electoral Behavior (r=0.89), and more been aspect of religious belief with aspect of voting trends in electoral behavior (r=0.71 (*)), Ritualistic dimension of religiosity with aspect of Participation of Electoral Behavior (r=0.58 (**)), Ritualistic dimension of religiosity with aspect of voting trends in electoral behavior (r=0.47 (*)) and Empirical dimensions of religiosity with aspect of voting trends in electoral behavior (r=0.16 (**)).   Research titled the relationship between religiosity and participation in the election was conducted, prepared regarding this hypothesis: Higher levels of religiosity leads to greater participation in elections. Argument of present study was that considering the religious conditions in the political system in Iran, Those with higher levels of religiosity are most participate in elections to effectuation of a religious political system and the results of this study also reinforces the argument. Thus, Approved both hypothetically in this research and the results corresponded well with the theoretical apparatus.  Finally, it is recommended that electoral behavior measured in the broader surfaces of said, including the level of activity in the design and its relationship with religiosity. According to type of sampling, renewed research is worthy pursuit with probability sampling in the multi-population. Â
- انتشار مقاله: 25-03-1395
- نویسندگان: بهجت یزدخواستی,علی ربانی خوراسگانی,زهرا سادات کشاورز
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: جامعه شناسی کاربردی
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: هویت قومی,قومیت,هویت ملی,جهانی شدن,هویت,فرهنگ تساهل و تسامح
- چکیده: هویت قومی سطحی از هویت جمعی است که میتواند گروهی از افراد را که با یکدیگر اشتراکات جغرافیایی، زبانی، تاریخی، نژادی و مذهبی دارند ، را با هم همبسته و منسجم کند. مقاله حاضر با هدف بررسی تطبیقی هویت قومی در ایران و لبنان در میان دانشجویان دانشگاههای تهران و دانشگاه آمریکایی بیروت انجام شد. متغیر وابسته که به عنوان مسأله اصلی تحقیق در نظر گرفته شده است “ هویت قومی” دانشجویان است که با متغیرهای مستقلی همچون هویت ملی، جهانی شدن، فرهنگ تساهل و تسامح، جنس، سن، ... در ارتباط و مقایسه گذاشته شده است. چارچوب نظری استفاده شده در این تحقیق، تلفیقی از نظریات مید، اسمیت، فینی و گیدنز است. حجم نمونه آماری شامل 800 نفر دانشجویان دانشگاه تهران و بیروت است که نمونه هر کشور400 نفر از میان چهار قومیت عمده ایران (فارس، ترک، کرد و لر) و لبنان (شیعه، سنی، مسیحی مارونی و دروزی) به روش سهمیهای انتخاب شدند. روش تحقیق حاضر از نوع پیمایشی است و گردآوری دادهها به وسیله پرسشنامه انجام شده است. در این بررسی برای تعیین روایی از اعتبار صوری و برای تعیین پایایی سؤالها از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ استفاده گردید. نتایج آزمونهای آماری نشان میدهد بین میزان هویت قومی دانشجویان ایرانی و لبنانی تفاوت وجود دارد: میزان هویت قومی دانشجویان لبنانی از دانشجویان ایرانی بیشتر است. در بین دانشجویان ایرانی میزان هویت قومی دانشجویان کرد از دانشجویان سایر اقوام بالاتر است. همچنین، در بین دانشجویان لبنانی هویت قومی دانشجویان شیعه و دروزی بالاتر از دانشجویان سایر اقوام است. متغیرهای جهانی شدن و فرهنگ تساهل و تسامح دانشجویان ایرانی بر هویت قومی آنها تأثیر معناداری دارد. هرچه جهانی شدن و تساهل و رواداری در بین دانشجویان ایرانی قویتر باشد، میزان هویت قومیشان قوی تر است. همچنین، هرچه میزان هویت ملی، جهانی شدن و فرهنگ تساهل و تسامح در بین دانشجویان لبنانی بیشتر باشد، میزان هویت قومیشان بیشتر خواهد بود.
- چکیده انگلیسی:  Introduction  Ethnic identity is a level of collective identity that can correlated and consolidating a group of people that has a geographical, lingual, historical, racial and religious similarities with eachother. The issue of ethnic and religious plurality of countries, variance and variety of cults, Ethnic and religious minorities has extreme importance and is the most important tool for aliens colonial (Asariannejad, quotes Ahmadipour and others, 1391:45). Ethnic identity and its aggravation is one of important social problems in multiethnic countries because it has a close relation with national cohesion. Ethnic identity aggravation cause each ethnic which is more powerful than the others one not distribute the resources under their control(Navah and Taghavinasab, 1388:65). Due to cultural plurality and Multiethnicity of Iran and Lebanon also close relations and great interest between the two countries and common terms sociopolitical, main question in this article is that if there is a meaningful difference between the rate of ethnic identity tendency among Iranian and Lebanon students?    Material & Methods  This study is survey research and use questionnaire technique in order to data collect. The sampling method is quota sampling. Statistical society includes Iranian students belong to four major ethnicity of Tork, Kord, Lor and Fars in Tehran universities and Lebanese students belong to four ethnicity of Druze, sunni, shia and Maruni Christian in Beirut universities. The volume of students simple in each country is 400 people. In Iran ethnics ratio is: Fars 50%, Tork 25%, Kord 10% and Lor8%(Ghamari, 1384:182). Ethnics ratio in Lebanon is: Maronite 18%, sunni 24%, shia 27% and Druze6%(Taheri,1388:118). The volume simple for each ethnics in Iran and Lebanon is: in Iran Fars(108 men, 107women), Tork(54 men, 53 women), Kord(22 men, 21 women), Lor(18 men, 17 women). In Lebanon Maronite Christian (48 men, 48 women),sunni (64 men, 64 women), Druze(16 men, 16 women), Shia(72 men, 72 women).   Discussion of Results & Conclusions  Hypothesis 1: it seems that ethnic identity among Iran and Lebanon students has a meaningful difference.  Based on the comparison of average variable among students in Iran and Lebanon, may conclude that the rate of ethnic identity of Lebanese students is higher than the Iranian students.  Hypothesis 2: it seems that relation of ethnic identify with National identify, globalization and Culture of tolerance among Iran and Lebanon in comparison with each other include meaningful difference.  Ethnic identity in Iran has reverse relationaship with national identity while Lebanese ethnic identity has a direct relationship. Ethnic identity relation with globalization variables and Culture of tolerance in each country has accumulative orientation.  In each country, Iran and Lebanon, growing of students culture of tolerance rate has direct relationship with their ethnic identity. This finding is match with viewpoint of Robertson,Castells and Giddenz.  National identity among Iranian students has reverse relationship with their ethnic identity that corresponded with Finneylinear approach.  Also national identity among Lebanese students has positive relationship with their ethnic identity that consistent with Finneyâs non-linear approach.
- انتشار مقاله: 25-03-1395
- نویسندگان: آرمین امیر,زهرا ایروانی,ابراهیم حاجیانی
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: جامعه شناسی کاربردی
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: تغییرات اقلیمی,سازگاری کشاورزان,کشاورزی شهرستان مرودشت
- چکیده: در نتیجه فعالیتهای انسانی، اقلیم جهان در حال تغییر است و تمام جوامع نیاز دارند که یاد بگیرند چگونه با این تغییرات پیشبینی شده مقابله نمایند. شهرستان مرودشت در استان فارس، یکی از قطبهای کشاورزی کشور است که در چند سال گذشته با کاهش شدید بارندگی و خشکسالیهای شدید مواجه بوده است. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی چگونگی سازگاری کشاورزان شهرستان مرودشت در مواجهه با تغییرات اقلیمی طراحی و اجرا شده است. پژوهش حاضر از نوع تحقیقات کیفی است و از اصول روش تئوری بنیادی به عنوان راهنمای جمعآوری و تحلیل دادهها و ارائه مدل استفاده شده است. نمونه مورد مطالعه شامل دو روستا بود که به صورت هدفمند انتخاب شدند و برای جمعآوری دادهها از مشاهدات میدانی و مصاحبههای عمیق در قالب گروههای متمرکز ( Focus group ) بهره گرفته شد. نتایج به دست آمده از دادههای تحقیق در فرآیند کدگذاری در قالب مفاهیم استخراج و طبقهبندی گردید. و براساس آن "مدل پارادایمی سازگاری کشاورزان با تغییرات اقلیمی" طراحی و در پایان، براساس یافتههای تحقیق پیشنهادهای کاربردی برای ارتقای سازگاری کشاورزان در مواجهه با تغییرات اقلیمی ارائه شده است.
- چکیده انگلیسی: Introduction: Humanly induced climate change has been taking place since few decades ago, and developing countries are generally more vulnerable to the consequences of these changes, as they tend to rely on more climate sensitive sectors, such as subsistence agriculture, where they lack the resources to buffer themselves against the changes emerging by global warming. Agriculture is a risky job inherently, and climate change with unexpected future worsens the situation. Many of farmersâ decisions and its results are influenced by climate parameters such as precipitation, temperature, and humidity, therefore they should adapt themselves with climate changes. Adjustment with current climate variability and potential climate change is a prerequisite for sustainable development and all farmers consequently need to learn to cope with the predicted changes. In this regard farmers need help and support to make good decisions to adapt with changes. With assumptions about how people and societies will respond to climate change, policy makers could more accurately compare the costs and benefits of particular policies, also, by identifying why a particular group of people do what they do, it will make opportunities to intervene in the process, helping them make better decisions. Materials & Methods The study place is Marvdasht in Fars Province that is one of the leading regions in the agriculture sector and is confronted with serious drought as well as reducing the precipitation in recent years. This qualitative study used grounded theory principles to collect and analyze data and provide a paradigmatic model. Research sample includes two villages, which were selected purposefully: Esmaeilabad with highest climate changes and Chamesohrabkhani with lowest climate changes in Marvdasht. In order to gather the required data field observations and in depth focus group interviews were used. Nine farmers in Esmaeilabad as well as eight farmers in Chamsohrabkhani attended in interview sessions. Questions were grouped into 4 categories: 1) Farmersâ perceptions about climate changes, the situation of agriculture and their properties 2) farmersâ behavior toward adaptation, their future decisions and existed problems and obstacles 3) farmersâ resources for climate information and consultation to farm management decisions and 4) farmersâ perception about future of agriculture sector in this region. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The analytical process in grounded theory involves coding strategies: Open coding is the process of breaking down interviews, observations and other forms of appropriate data into distinct units of meaning which are labeled to generate concepts. The focus of axial coding is to create a model that details the specific conditions of phenomenonâs occurrence. Selective coding is the process of selecting the central or core category, systematically relating it to other categories, validating those relationships, and complete categories that need further refinement and development. Some major research results in this study according to the above coding system include: Farmers' perception about reduction in precipitation and warmer environment, decreasing in quantity and quality of crops, increasing crop pests and diseases, reduction of property and capital, also, improving farm production management and developing technology. These are the main adaptive activities used by farmers. Also, their main problems include: lack of credit and fund for investment, bureaucratic problems with public organizations. Based on research results, some concepts were extracted and categorized in coding process and a paradigmatic model was designed. Finally, some applicable suggestions to improve farmersâ adjustment with climate change are presented. In this regard, one useful activity could be change in crop system and using crops with low water usage, also replacing crops like rice (with high water consumption) with low water crops, and extending modern technologies such as modern irrigation methods.
- انتشار مقاله: 25-03-1395
- نویسندگان: غلامحسین زمانی,طاهر عزیزی خالخیلی
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: جامعه شناسی کاربردی
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: رقابت سیاسی,رفتار انتخاباتی,عوامل سیاسی,مداخله بیگانگان
- چکیده: علیرغم برگزاری بیش از 30 انتخابات ملی در ایران در دوره پس از انقلاب اسلامی، انتخابات دوره دهم ریاست جمهوری در سال 1388 بحث برانگیز گردید و در نتیجه آن مسائل و مشکلات متعددی پدید آمد، اما این امر کمتر مورد بحث و بررسی علمی قرار گرفته است. با توجه به شباهتهای گسترده انتخابات سال 1388 با انتخابات ریاست جمهوری سال، 1376 پژوهش حاضر کوشیده است اهمیت و جایگاه عوامل اقتصادی، رقابت سیاسی نامزدها و مداخله بیگانگان را در دو انتخابات یاد شده مورد مقایسه قرار دهد. روش به کار رفته در این پژوهش، پیمایشی علّی مقایسهای است و با توجه به نوع تحقیق که پاسخگویان باید دو دوره انتخابات 76 و 88 را مقایسه کنند جامعه آماری تحقیق، نخبگان اداری شهر شیراز هستند که حداقل 20 سال سابقه استخدام داشته و یک دوره مدیریتی را در سازمان متبوعشان تجربه نموده باشند. اندازه نمونه 149 نفر است که با استفاده از روش نمونهگیری تصادفی چندمرحلهای، انتخاب شدند. ابزار پژوهش، پرسشنامه پژوهشگر ساخته است که اعتبار آن با استفاده از اعتبار صوری و پایایی آن از طریق ضریب آلفای کرونباخ تعیین گردیده است. یافتههای پژوهش نشان داد، میزان اهمیت عوامل اقتصادی، رقابت سیاسی و مداخله بیگانگان، در انتخابات سال 1388 به طور معناداری بیشتر از انتخابات سال 1376 است.
- چکیده انگلیسی: Introduction One area of human activity that requires decision-making and selection is political participation. This is a voluntary activity through which members of a community participate in the affairs of their neighborhoods, towns and villages and directly and indirectly contribute to shaping their social and political life. Voting is the most effective and most practical means for citizens to give and apply their opinions and ideas in the management of public and social affairs. Among all elections held in Iran, the presidential election of 2009, though was held according to previous elections, the electoral behavior of people brought many problems. In this period, some of the people came to streets to protest election results and protests turned into violent acts, causing confrontations among the main political figures, scholars, academics, and many state agencies. Thus, the main question of this research is that why in the similar presidential election of 1997, the electoral behavior was non- violent but in 2009 it became violent. (Similarity of the two elections was in this respect that in both 1997and 2009, elections were held in a competitive spirit and the main competition revolved around two candidates). Materials and Methods The research method is a causal - comparative survey in which two presidential elections in 1997 and 2009 are compared. Research population includes Shiraz administrative elites who have been employed for a period of at least 20 years and have experienced at least one period of managerial position at various levels of the organization in which they have been working. Because of the lack of formal data on the population, using exploratory study, the population was estimated to be around 250 individuals, of whom 149 cases were selected to enter our sample size, using Krejcie and Morganâs sampling table and random multi-stage sampling method. The measurement tool is a researcher-made questionnaire using 5-point likert scale, including 30 items in the frame of three dimensions including economic (10 items), political completion (10 items) and foreign intervention (10 items). Validity of the scale was measured using content validity and the reliability was measured using Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. Discussion of Results and Conclusions In total, 482 respondents including 128 (85.3%) males and 21 (14%) females answered our questionnaire. In this study, the age of respondents was between 40 to 60 years old and their average was 45.5 years. Educational level of the respondents was as follows: 17 (11.3%) diploma, 24 (16%) above diploma, 80 (53.3%) bachelor, and 25 (16.7%) master degree and 3 (2%) PhD. Based on descriptive results of the study, the mean score for the importance of economic factors is 30.5 for 1997 election and 39.6 for 2009 election. The mean score for the importance of political competition is 32.4 for 1997 election and 36.5 for 2009 election. And finally the mean score for foreign intervention is 28.9 for 1997 election, and 37.8 for 2009 election. For investigation of the mean difference between two elections, independent samples t test was used: the mean of importance of economic factors in 2009 election is more than 1997 election and this difference is statistically significant. The mean of importance of political competition in 2009 election is more than 1997 election and this difference is statistically significant. Finally, the mean of foreign intervention in 2009 election is more than 1997 election and this difference is statistically significant. The findings of this research shows that, there is a significant difference between economic factors, political competition and foreign intervention in the 1997 and 2009 presidential elections in Iran. Based on the findings, the importance of political competition has been significantly more in 2009 election than in 1997 election. This finding is theoretically consistent with research results of Nie & Gold (2010) and also may be explained by rational choice theory. The findings also showed that the importance of economic factors in 2009 election is more than 1997 election. These results is consistent with research findings of Zibakalam & Colleagues (2010), Kamal (2003), Atarzadeh and Tavassoli (2010) and League (2005). Finally, on the basis of research findings, foreign intervention has been significantly more in 2009 election in comparison with 1997 election. This research finding is justified according to the information and communication technology development in the past two decades, which has led to the increase of foreign intervention in the internal affairs of Iran.
- انتشار مقاله: 25-03-1395
- نویسندگان: سعیده انفعالی,سیروس احمدی,سیروس احمدی,علیرضا سمیعی اصفهانی
- مشاهده