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کاربرد نوع شرط:
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: مطالعات آموزش و یادگیری
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: آموزش عالی,دوره کارشناسی,ویژگیهای نسلی,نسل جدید,یاددهی-یادگیری پروژهمحور
- چکیده: پژوهش حاضر، با هدف شناسایی و تبیین بایستههای راهبرد یاددهی-یادگیری پروژهمحور متناسب با ویژگیهای نسلی دانشجویان دوره کارشناسی امروز انجام شد. روش پژوهش آمیخته اکتشافی است. در بخش کیفی از ابزار مصاحبه نیمهساختاریافته و در بخش کمّی از ابزار پرسشنامه محققساخته استفاده شد. تحلیل یافتهها در قسمت کیفی بر مبنای نظریه دادهبنیاد و در قسمت کمّی، توصیفی-پیمایشی است. جامعه آماری در بخش کیفی، صاحبنظران در دو حوزه علوم تربیتی و علوم اجتماعی بود که نمونه از بین آنها به صورت هدفمند و شبکهای از متخصصان، تا حد اشباع اطلاعات، ادامه یافت. در بخش کمّی نیز جامعه آماری شامل اعضای هیأت علمی و دانشجویان دوره کارشناسی از دانشکدههای علوم تربیتی و علوم اجتماعی دو دانشگاه تهران و اصفهان در سال تحصیلی 1399-1398 بود که نمونه پژوهش از بین آنها به روش تصادفی طبقهای، متناسب با حجم افراد جامعه آماری انتخاب شد. روایی محتوایی پرسشنامه و مصاحبه طبق نظر متخصصان و پایایی پرسشنامه نیز از طریق آلفای کرونباخ با مقدار 86/0 مناسب برآورد شد. بر اساس یافتههای پژوهش، مهمترین بایستههای راهبرد یاددهی-یادگیری پروژهمحور، متناسب با ویژگیهای نسلی دانشجویان کارشناسی امروز عبارتند از: «تلفیق علم و عمل در تدریس»، «تدارک بازدیدها و سفرهای علمی»، «تهیۀ فیلم و عکس آموزشی»، «ارائۀ سمینارهای درسی»، «نگارش مقاله»، «مصاحبۀ علمی با افراد ذیصلاح»، «ترجمۀ آثار ارزشمند علمی» و «ساخت ابزارهای کمکدرسی». در نتیجه انگیزهمندی تحصیلی و رشد علمی دانشجویان امروز منوط به کاربست بایستههای مذکور در یاددهی-یادگیری پروژهمحور است. از این رو به مدرسان توصیه میگردد به منظور تدریس اثربخش و استفاده بهینه از فرصتهای آموزشی، از بکارگیری آنها غفلت نورزند.
- چکیده انگلیسی:
- انتشار مقاله: 12-06-1399
- نویسندگان: احمد ابراهیمی,سید ابراهیم میرشاه جعفری,علی ربانی خوراسگانی
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: فصلنامه تحقیقات فرهنگی ایران
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: جامعهشناسی علم,الگوی نظری,شیوههای تولید علم,شیوه تولید بومی دانش,سیستمهای نوآوری,ساختار سایه,خود بازآفرینی,خود عقلانی,شبکهها و خوشههای نوآوری
- چکیده: هدف از این مقاله تحلیل جامعهشناختی شیوههای تولید علم، بررسی رویکردهای نوین در این زمینه، تشریح رویکردهای موجود در ارتباط با کاربرد الگوی بومی در تولید دانش و سرانجام دستیابی به رهیافتهای حاصل از تحلیل و بحثهای مذکور به منظور برنامهریزی در فضای تولید دانش در جامعه ایران بود. پس از بررسی رویکردهای مطرح در جامعهشناسی علم، مراحل مختلف توسعة این علم بررسی شد. از سوی دیگر چون تولید علم فرایندی درگیر در ساختارهای اجتماعی و ارتباطات اجتماعی است، به منظور طرح و بررسی تحولات اخیر در شیوه تولید دانش، سه پارادایم یا الگوی نظری تولید دانش مورد تحلیل و نقد قرار گرفتند. همچنین کاربرد الگوی بومی در تولید دانش مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و دو دسته رویکرد در این زمینه معرفی شدند که هریک ایدههایی را در ارتباط با دانش بومی و بومیسازی دانش مطرح کردند. در پایان کوشش شده تا به این پرسش پاسخ داده شود که رهیافت مباحث مطرحشده برای جامعه ایران چه مواردی میتواند باشد؟
- چکیده انگلیسی: The main aim of this article was sociological Analysis on the modes of science, survey of new Approaches in this context, description of available Approaches relevant to Application of Indigenous paradigm in prodvetion of knowledge and conclusion to attain imitated Approaches from Analysis and mentioned discussions for planning in space of science production in society of Iran.
After Analysis of propound Approaches in sociology of science concreted that sociology of science three generation transitioned yet : classic sociology of science (OSS) [ Theories of Merton ] , New sociology of science ( NSS ) [Theories of Thomas kuhn and others ] and Third generation sociology of science that consisted of non - Marxist composinal and processive
Approaches for example: Actor - Network theory (ANT), Triple Helix Theory life eyeles, mode 2 and Mode 3. On the other hand , because science production is encompass process in social structures and social communications , allowance for Analysis of Recent Development in mode of science production , three paradigm Analysis and critiqued titles mode 1 , 2 , 3 production of knowledge . Also, Application of Indigenous paradigm studied in production of knowledge and introduced two groups: A - External Approaches B - Internal Approaches that each of two groups propounded Ideas relevant to Indigenous knowledge and Indigenization of knowledge. In the final section, mode an efforted to answered this question that what doctrines can be concluded from these discourse in order to improve the conditions in Iran.- انتشار مقاله: 03-10-1391
- نویسندگان: علی ربانی خوراسگانی,وحید قاسمی,رسول ربانی,مهدی ادیبی سده,نادر افقی
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: فصلنامه مطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطات
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: توهم,خودسانسوری,ﭘﻴﺮ ﺑﻮردﻳﻮ,ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ زﺑﺎن,ﺧﺼﻠﺖ زﺑﺎﻧﻲ,ﻣﻴﺪان زﺑﺎﻧﻲ,ﺑﺎزار زﺑﺎﻧﻲ واﺣﺪ,دوﻛﺴﺎ
- چکیده: ﺗﺤﻮﻻت ﻋﻤﻴﻘﻲ را در ﺣﻮزهﻫﺎی «زﺑﺎن» ﺗﻮﺟﻪ و ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ اﺑﻌﺎد اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻲ از ﻗﺒﻴﻞ؛ ﻋﻠﻮم اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﺧﻮد زﺑﺎﻧﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ رﻗﻢ زده اﺳﺖ. ﭘﻴﺮ ﺑﻮردﻳﻮ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﺷﺎﺧﺺﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪﭘﺮدازان ﻋﻠﻮم اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ زﺑﺎن را اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻲً ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ای ذاﺗﺎ داﻧﺪ، درﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺘﻘﺎد از زﺑﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺻﻮرتﮔﺮا،
ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣﻴﺎن ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و زﺑﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ را ﻣﺮدود ﺷﻤﺮده و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ زﺑﺎن را ﻗﻠﻤﺮو ﺑﺮ ﺣﻖ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻲداﻧﺪ.
اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ درﺻﺪد آن اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ روش ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮح و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ زﺑﺎن ﺑﻮردﻳﻮ ﺑﭙﺮدازد .ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ زﺑﺎن ﺑﻮردﻳﻮ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﺑﺮﻫﻢﻛﻨﺶ «ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن»ﭼﺎرﭼﻮب ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﻋﺎم و ﻛﻠﻲ او، ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ اﺳﺖ «ﺑﺎزار زﺑﺎﻧﻲ»و «ﺧﺼﻠﺖ زﺑﺎﻧﻲ»ﻳﻜﻲ از وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎی ﺑﺎرز ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ زﺑﺎن ﺑﻮردﻳﻮ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﺑﺰار ﻧﻈﺮی ﻻزم ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﻈﺎمﻣﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪات ﻧﻤﺎدﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎی ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ
اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ، و ﺳﺎزوﻛﺎرﻫﺎی ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ و ﻣﺼﺮف ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻋﺮﺻﻪﻫﺎی ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ را اراﺋﻪ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ .در اﻳﻦ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺳﻌﻲ ﺷﺪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﺴﻂ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎت ﻋﻤﺪه ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ داده ﺷﻮد و ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻣﻴﺎن « ﻣﻴﺪانﻫﺎی زﺑﺎﻧﻲ » ﺑﻮردﻳﻮ،ﭘﻲرﻳﺰی ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ در ﻣﺪﻟﻲ ﻧﻈﺮی «ﺑﺎزار زﺑﺎﻧﻲ واﺣﺪ» ﻣﻴﺪانﻫﺎی زﺑﺎﻧﻲ وﺑﺎزﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪ- چکیده انگلیسی: Emphasizing the social dimensions of “language” has made deep revolutions in various cognitive fields such as social sciences or in linguistics itself. Pierre Bourdieu is one of the most typical theoreticians of social science who recognizes language as a social phenomenon by nature, and rejects the distinction between sociology and linguistic by criticizing formalist linguistics and considers the analysis of language in the realm of sociology. This study attempts to explain and investigate Bourdieu’s sociolinguistics descriptively and analytically. Bourdieu’s sociolinguistics is based on the framework of his general theory. Based on his theory, discourse is the product of interaction of “linguistic habitus” and “linguistic market”. Bourdieu’s framework of language theorizing relates to the method of extension, contest, gaining legitimacy, domination and in one word, “imposing” a specific from of “classification”. Criticisms of Bourdieu’s sociolinguistics are generally rooted in his general theory and the most general point made about it is the one-dimensional deletion of the possibility of “reflexivity” at the level of agency. One of the typical features of Bourdieu’s sociolinguistics is that it provides the theoretical means necessary for systematic analysis of symbolic products of distinct social contexts and presents the mechanisms of production and consumption related to these distinct contexts. In this relation, we tried to extend Bourdieu’s views and besides it, determine the common “linguistic fields” and the relation between “linguistic fields” and “unified linguistic market” are established and presented in a theoretical model.
- انتشار مقاله: 16-05-1399
- نویسندگان: علی ربانی خوراسگانی,مرتضی خوش آمدی
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: فصلنامه مدیریت اسلامی
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: رهبری,دفاع مقدّس,مدیریت اسلامی,الگوی رهبری و فرماندهی,جهانبینی ایثار
- چکیده: این پژوهش بهصورت ترکیبی و با هدف طراحی الگوی رهبری فرماندهان دوران دفاع مقدس انجام شده است. در بخش کیفی پژوهش از روش نظریه دادهبنیاد استفاده شده و جامعه مورد مطالعه، فرماندهان دوران دفاع مقدّس یکی از یگانهای نیروی زمینی ارتش است که 18 نفر از آنها به روش نمونهگیری هدفمند انتخاب، و دادهها به روش مصاحبه عمیق، گردآوری و با استفاده از نرمافزار NVivo 10 شناسهگذاری و تحلیل شد. جامعه آماری بخش کمّی پژوهش، فرماندهان و کارکنان آن یگان هستند که اعضای نمونه آماری به روش نمونهگیری طبقهای تصادفی انتخاب شدهاند. دادهها با توزیع و بازگشت 351 پرسشنامه محقق ساخته، گردآوری شد. نتایج تحلیل دادهها حاکی است که مقوله جهانبینی ایثار، پدیده محوری الگوی رهبری فرماندهان دوران دفاع مقدّس است که بعد از تأثیرپذیری از شرایط علّی، مداخلهگر و زمینهای، باعث اتخاذ راهبردهای رفتاری مانند خدمت و توجه به پیروان، تعهد اخلاقی، صداقت، ارتباطات عاطفی و معنوی، شجاعت و خطرپذیری از سوی فرماندهان شده و در ادامه تحقق پیامدهایی مانند پیروزی در میدان نبرد، انسجام جامعه و افزایش قدرت بازدارندگی نظامی را به همراه داشته است. یافتههای معادلات ساختاری در بخش کمّی، تأییدکننده روابط مؤلفههای الگوی رهبری طراحیشده است.
- چکیده انگلیسی: This mixed research is carried out with the aim of designing the leadership model of the commanders of the Holy Defense. Grounded theory method was used in the qualitative part of the research. Statistical population of the research included the commanders of the holy defense era in one of the army units, 18 of whom were selected by purposive sampling method as the sample. The data were collected through in-depth interviews and were analyzed using NVivo-10 software. The statistical population of the quantitative part of the research included the commanders and employees of the same unit whose statistical sample was selected by stratified random sampling method. The data were collected by distribution of 351 copies of a researcher-made questionnaires. The results indicated that the self-sacrifice worldview was a central component of the leadership model of the commanders of the Holy Defense era, which was influenced by causal, intervening and contextual conditions, and caused behavioral strategies such as giving service and providing care to the followers, moral commitment, honesty, emotional and spiritual communication, courage and risk-taking by commanders leading to the realization of consequences such as victory on the battlefield, social cohesion and increased military deterrence. The findings of the structural equations in the quantitative section confirmed the relationships between the components of the designed leadership model.
- انتشار مقاله: 15-04-1399
- نویسندگان: ابراهیم بهمنی,هادی تیموری,محمد حسین مشرف جوادی,علی ربانی خوراسگانی
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: زن در توسعه و سیاست
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: زنان,جنسیت,ازدواج,معنا,داده بنیاد
- چکیده: بررسی رابطة میان جنسیت و نهاد خانواده، معنای زنانه از ازدواج و زندگی خانوادگی، در وضعیت تحولات حاضر، که با ازهمگسست فزایندة زندگیهای تأهلی همراه است، بیانگر آن است که زنان در حال تجربة خروج از سایه و کشف هویتی جدید از خودند. مطالعة حاضر با مشارکت 28 نفر از زنان تهرانی باسابقة حداقل یکبار ازدواج و جدایی با استفاده از روش دادهبنیاد (رویکرد سیستماتیک) صورت گرفته است. زنان باتجربة جدایی واجد سه تجربه هستند که برای این مطالعه ضروری است: تصورات پیش از ازدواج، تجربة زیسته از زندگی تأهلی و تجربة جدایی. بررسی این تجربیات سهگانه بیانگر فرایندی از شکلگیری معنای ازدواج و زندگی خانوادگی است که از بازتعریف فضای زیست و ابعاد هویتی جدید حکایت دارد. زنان با درخواست توجه بیشتر به رابطة همسرانه و صمیمیت و با توجه به افزایش سرمایة اجتماعی و فرهنگی در مسیر حرکت به سمت تغییر فضای تکجنسیتی در عرصة خصوصی و عمومیاند. این امر به دلیل ناشناختهبودن مختصات و ابعاد آن از یک طرف، غفلت سنگین مردانه از توجه به تغییرات از طرف دیگر و درنهایت به دلیل نبود زبان مشترک سبب ابهام موقعیتی برای زنان و مردان شده است که نتیجة آن در زندگیهای آشفته یا ازهمگسسته نمود دارد.
- چکیده انگلیسی: Studies about gender and family institute with recent changes leading to family disruption shows that women are experiencing exiting from shadows and finding new identity. Studying women residents with the history of at least one marriage and divorce in Tehran city based on grounded theory method shows a process that focuses on constructing meaning of marriage and family life. This revealed experience and redefinition of living space and the dimension of new identity. Given the women emotional and sexual demands and development of their social capitals, the women are going to change a one-gender public and private living space. Due to unknown peculiarities and dimensions in one hand and ignorance of men to the changes on the other hand and ultimately lack of common language makes the situation ambiguous for men and women and makes family life confusing and discrete.
- انتشار مقاله: 29-03-1397
- نویسندگان: وحید قاسمی,سمیه عربخراسانی,علی ربانی خوراسگانی
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: جامعه شناسی کاربردی
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: روش کیفی,اشتغال زنان,تعارض کار-خانواده,شیر مادر,قوانین شیردهی
- چکیده: با ظهور دنیای مدرن و رواج مدرنیته، اشتغال زنان به مسئلهای چالشبرانگیز تبدیل شده است. بهطوری که برخی، حضور زنان در اجتماع را سبب تعالی و رشد زن و جامعه میدانند و برخی دیگر اشتغال زنان را، عاملی برای دورشدن مادران از وظایف همسری و مادری برمیشمارند. مادربودن با تولد فرزند معنا مییابد و تغذیه با شیر مادر سبب تکامل جسمی و روحی کودک و مادر میشود. این مقاله بر آن است تا تجارب زیستۀ زنان شاغل در اصفهان از قوانین شیردهی را واکاوی کند. پژوهش به شیوۀ پدیدارشناسی انجام شده و روش به کار گرفتهشده در آن، کیفی است. برای این منظور با روش نمونهگیری هدفمند 16 نفر از زنان شاغل متأهل دارای فرزند با روش نمونهگیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند و دربارۀ آنها مصاحبۀ عمیق انجام شد. یافتهها در 256 کد توصیفی و 24 کد تفسیری مقولهبندی شدند و در نهایت 6 کد تبیینی استخراج شد که عبارتاند از: خانوادۀ حمایتکننده، الگوهای شغلی، الگوهای شخصیتی، جایگزین مادر، بر هم کنشهای کار-خانواده و محیط کار بدون حمایت. تجارب شرکتکنندگان در این مطالعه نشان میدهند اشتغال زنان بر شیردهی آنان تأثیر دارد. بهطوری که بیشتر مصاحبهشوندگان به سختیها و مشکلات خود در شیردهی اذعان داشتند. همچنین قوانین حمایت از تغذیه با شیر مادر بهدرستی رعایت نمیشود. بهطوری که بیشتر مادران قادر نیستند از پاس شیر استفاده کنند و در برخی موارد برخلاف میل درونی مجبور به استفادهکردن از شیر خشک میشوند.
- چکیده انگلیسی: Introduction
With the advent of the modern world and the prevalence of modernity Women's employment has become a challenging issue. So that some said, The presence of women in the community has led to the growth of women and society and some of the researchers said women's employment are a factor in the removal of mothers from marital and maternal duties. Having a mother with a child's birth finds meaning and the mother's nourishment will cause the baby and the mother to develop physically and mentally. On the other hand, in recent years, the increase in women's education and the subsequent employment of women has made women's employment in our country a social issue and a serious challenge. This article seeks to examine the experiences of women living in Isfahan in breastfeeding laws.
Material & Methods
To the view of these women about employment and lactation. The method used in this research is qualitative and in the method of phenomenology. For this purpose, 16 employed married women with purposeful sampling were selected through purposeful sampling. And they were interviewed deeply. What they got from their interviews were classified in 256 code descriptions. Of these descriptive codes, 24 code assignments were categorized. Finally, 6 explanatory codes were extracted. These explanatory codes include: "Supporting family, job patterns, personality patterns, mother alternatives, work-family activities and non-supporting workplaces."
Discussion of Results & Conclusions
What was obtained from this 6 coding shows most contributors have had a positive attitude toward their employment. But on the other hand, there are limits to maternity and lactation at work. The mothers in this study believe that the rules of lactation in the work environment are not properly observed. On the other hand, since there is no suitable space for keeping children in the workplace, the high distance between the workplace and the child's place of residence makes mothers virtually unable to use milk pass. Moms often refer to short maternity leave. Mother must return to the work environment where the child is still dependent on the mother and fed with breast milk. On the other hand, the mother faces physical weakness due to delivery and lactation. And this leads to a reduction in breast milk and, in some cases, to discontinue breastfeeding. In this study, mothers often refer to the role of husband's support as a factor in the success of breastfeeding. That is, mothers who have been exclusively breastfed, their husband has been involved in breastfeeding and home affairs. The relationship between the spouses as a factor in the creation of maternal tranquility plays a crucial role in breastfeeding. In mothers who have had a cold emotional relationship with spouses or with violence from their spouses, they have encountered difficulties in lactation the study found that grandmothers play a decisive role in breastfeeding. So that their physical and mental support from mother to child encourages motherhood and increases lactation in mothers.In general, most mothers who can successfully complete the lactation period have adequate support. Guilty feelings about a child are often seen among working women. This guilty sense of duality in the roles of femininity and motherhood on the one hand has social and occupational roles on the other. This can have a decisive role in undermining the mothers' morale and lactation. The feeling of guilty sentiment was somewhat diminished if it had adequate support and a good alternative to child care. Research has shown that mother's beliefs and knowledge and mother's confidence play an important role in breastfeeding mothers. The mothers who participated in this study had high beliefs and beliefs about breastfeeding and the lack of use of infant formula. And this makes the mothers bear the hardships.
- انتشار مقاله: 20-02-1396
- نویسندگان: سعیده یراقی,سعیده الهی دوست,علی ربانی خوراسگانی
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: جامعه شناسی کاربردی
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: مدیریت بدن,تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی,جراحی زیبایی,رویکرد تاریخی وُداک,مستند «دماغ به سبک ایرانی»,تنازعات گفتمانی
- چکیده: در فرهنگ مصرفی کنونی مقولۀ بدن و بدنپنداری، رکن اساسی هویت شخصی شده است؛ درنتیجه در سالهای اخیر انواع مختلفی از جراحی زیبایی در جامعۀ ایرانی متداول شده که بالاترین میزان مراجعات زیبایی، متعلق به جراحی بینی است. در این مقاله با تأکید بر اهمیت بدن و تمایل روزافزون به جراحی زیبایی بینی در جامعۀ ایرانی و اشاره به تحولات گفتمانی بدن در ایران، تلاش شده است با الهام از نظریۀ باومن و باتلر در حوزۀ جنسیت، روش تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی و رویکرد تاریخی وُداک، مستند اجتماعی «دماغ به سبک ایرانی» توصیف، تفسیر و معناکاوی شود. نتایج این مطالعه نشان میدهد در مستند مذکور، نهادهایی مانند تعلیم و تربیت (آموزش و پرورش)، دین، پزشکی و هنر، موقعیت سخنگویی و موضعگیری پیرامون بدن و جراحی زیبایی دارند. فیلم مستند همچنین تنازعی گفتمانی- ارزشی بین گفتمان مدرسه و پزشکی بهعنوان تأییدگران و مشروعیتدهندگان این کردار گفتمانی (جراحی زیبایی) و گفتمان دین و هنر بهعنوان نکوهشگران این کردار است و در این میان مبادرتکنندگان نیز در دیالکتیکهایی همچون اطمینان– تردید، تشویش – لذت و خوشایندی و فردیت قرار میگیرند. تحلیل گفتمان مستند مذکور همچنین نشان میدهد هیچیک از گفتمانهای مذکور، موقعیت برتر و فرادست را پیرامون جراحی زیبایی و تصاحب فضای گفتمانی آن ندرند و به همین دلیل نمیتوانند یکسره هژمونیک شوند و بر ساحت مذکور تفوّق پیدا کنند.
- چکیده انگلیسی: Introduction Human beings are creatures with physical bodies and material body is a construct in which gender, race, ethnic, and class differences are shaped and manifested. Thus, the focused attention to body together with its prevalence in the sociological texts, in particular within the recent two decades, has raised considerable debates concerning issues including identity, social movements, consumer culture, lifestyle, and ethics (Zokaie, 2007). One of the issues proposed in relation to the lifestyle indicators is body management which is so pervasive among the youths nowadays. Body management can be stated as the actions and deeds including appearance, make-up, sports interests, and dietary. According to the analysts and based on some statistics and evidence, the attention to the body has dramatically increased in Iran in recent years (Zaer Rezaie, 2006) so that over 36000 Iranians undergo cosmetic surgery each year, as said by unofficial statistics. It is worth mentioning that Iran holds a high rank among different cosmetic surgeries, e.g. the first place in rhinoplasty or nose surgery in 2010. In the present study, given the importance of body in general, problematic status of plastic surgery, and growing desire to manipulate the body in Iran in particular, the documentary "Nose, Iranian Style" was investigated using discourse-historical approach of critical discourse analysis (CDA). Accordingly, it was tried to answer the following questions: How was the body articulated as a discourse in this documentary and which of the discourses related to the body were focused and decentered respectively? Generally, how were the cosmetic surgery and body represented in the documentary "Nose, Iranian Style"? In what social discourses was the documentary made and how was this discourse setting represented in the documentary? The conceptual framework of this study and its fundamental concepts include body, body management, and cosmetic surgery which will be defined in the following. Body: body is generally perceived as the collection of the flesh and organic bones; however, this concept enjoys a particular style and role and is considered to be under the control of the culture in the cultural studies. It is constantly called for playing roles or doing physical activities in the form of dietary, exercise or cosmetic surgery (Barker, 2008, p. 786). Body management: as one of the lifestyle indicators, body management is regarded as any constant control and manipulation of the apparent and outward features of the body which is done by different surgeries and make-up (Chavoshian & Azadarmaki, 2002, p. 64). Cosmetics and medical care behaviors are among different dimensions of this indicator. Cosmetic Surgery: cosmetic Surgery has no medical significance or necessity and is purely for the sake of beauty. This surgery is true of healthy people (kuczynski, 2006, p.8; as cited in Feynman, 2010). Contrary to the reconstructive surgery, cosmetic surgery is to improve the organ which is already normal without any surgery (Hayes & Jones, 2013). In this respect, these surgeries, in Jones’s (2008) terms, are selective. Material and Methods Having considered the society as a discourse setting, emphasizing the significance of the visual culture and media representation, and taking this presumption that the dominant discourse system of the society produces the cultural products including movies (here documentary) which are under the control of power, the authors of this study made an attempt analyze the documentary "Nose, Iranian Style". Documentaries, particularly social-political documentaries, are of the media texts that are of particular interest to audio-visual media audience due to their close relationship with the power structure (Alavi, 2013). "Nose, Iranian Style" was made by Mehrdad Oskouei in 2005. In the reconstruction tradition, this study tried to qualitatively provide a critical discourse analysis of the text of the documentary. Moreover, the theoretical approach of the study was sociological and in the domain of cultural studies. The significance of the cultural studies approach has been due to the interconnection of the physical, cultural, and social aspects of the human experiences. This study was based on the discourse-historical approach of Ruth Wodak in CDA. As one of the scholars in critical discourse analysis, Wodak regards discourse as complex mingling of the discourse actions which are interrelated simultaneously and successively and indicate itself in and through the social areas of actions, genres, symbols, and oral or written texts. In Wodak’s words (2001, pp. 11-12), discourse analysis is to indicate how discourses are made by social institutions and conversely in what ways social institutions make those discourses; what function ideology has in social institutions and how the power is achieved and reserved. To operationalize the discourse-historical approach, Wodak refers to five discourse strategies including nomination, prediction, argumentation, perspetivisation, Intensification, and Mitigation which each are employed in the form of the conflict of competing discourses for the sake of their own positive and the other’s negative representations. Conclusion With regards to the institution, it can be said that the documentary and its dominant narration were laid upon a number of effective institutions concerning the body and cosmetic surgery, namely education, religious, and medical institutions whose fields of action and speakers were schools and only girl students, religious schools and clergymen and preachers, and hospitals, medical conferences and physicians, surgeons, and nurses respectively. Another institute was cultural institution whose representatives were the staff and advocates of media, arts, and cinema. Within the school institution, the documentary solely highlighted the students’ narration and eliminated the teachers, instructors, and educators. At this level, students largely agreed with the cosmetic surgery. The medical discourse concerning the body was heard from the voice of plastic surgeons through which they dramatically and confidently confirmed such actions and talked about the unique and artistic expertise of the cosmetic surgeons, economical prices of the surgery, its positive consequences and social privileges obtained due to the surgery. All in all, they advocated the nose surgery and the significance of the physical body. Another institution was religious institution which found a public arena to talk and deliver a speech. At this level, clergymen and preachers, instead of directly and explicitly condemning nose surgery, deeply and pathologically talked about why the Islamic culture of the youths of the 60s in Iran faded out, how the war discourse was formed and the values of the Islamic society went down. Among their reasons, loss of identity, alienation, flaw, apparent lack, and self-centeredness were mostly highlighted. In the arts arena, particularly cinema, the experts considered the operated noses as a problem making all the applicants of acting the same and expressed their dissent in this regard. Moreover, another part of the documentary was about those who had already undergone the nose surgery including both girls and boys. On one hand, these respondents confirmed this action and referring to it as a “right”, they stated that they accepted the suggestion of the physicians and relatives and underwent this surgery. On the other hand, they were not dare enough to take responsibility for their actions individually and were placed in the dialectics like trust-doubt, anxiety-fun, and pleasure-individuality. Generally speaking, the results of this study revealed that in the discourse of the documentary, institutions like education, religion, medicine, and arts were the main elements. Indeed, the documentary, as a discourse text, was the manifestation of the discourse conflict and value conflicts of the related discourses. The narration of the documentary also indicated that none of the aforementioned discourses preceded the other and dominated the discourse setting. In other words, as implied, the narration indicated that none of the central discourses concerning the body can totally be hegemonic due to the changes occurred and existed in the social context of Iran and can dominate the mentioned arena.
- انتشار مقاله: 07-09-1394
- نویسندگان: آرش حسن پور,علی ربانی خوراسگانی
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: جامعه شناسی کاربردی
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: تعهد,هویت ملی,کاوشگری,سبک اطلاعاتی,سبک هنجاری,سبک اجتنابی / آشفته
- چکیده: میزان هویت ملی در میان اقشار جوان و نخبه دانشگاهی یکی از دغدغههای پیش روی دولتها و جوامع چند فرهنگی همچون ایران است. این مسأله یعنی میزان احساس تعلق خاطر و آگاهی نسبت به مؤلفههای سازنده هویت ملی نیازمند بررسی معرفها و عوامل روانشناختی، فرهنگی، جامعهشناختی و سیاسی تأثیرگذار برآن به ویژه در میان نسلهای سوم و چهارم انقلاب است. به همین منظور پژوهش حاضر تلاش دارد با رویکردی تازه مبینهای روانشناختی و جامعه شناختی هویت ملی را از دریچه سبکهای هویتی بازبینی کند. چارچوبی که به زعم نظریهپردازان آن، افراد تجارب زندگی خود را متناسب با آن، معنا و تفسیر میکنند و اهداف زندگی خود را تعیین میکنند. به نظر میرسد نوع کاوش، جستجو، تعهد و تصمیمگیری درباره آنچه باید ارزشها، باورها و اهداف ملی باشند و به دنبال آن، درگیر شدن کنشها، تکالیف و انتخابهای مهم سیاسی و اجتماعی افراد؛ بتواند میزان هویت ملی در میان دانشجویان را تبیین کند. لذا سؤال اصل این است که آیا سبکهای هویتی میتواند هویت ملی دانشجویان را پیشبینی کند و احتمالاً کدام سبک یا سبکهای هویتی با افزایش و یا کاهش احساس و آگاهی نسبت به تاریخ، سیاست، فرهنگ و اجتماع افراد در ارتباط است؟ پاسخی که میتواند از طریق مطالعه بین رشتهای، راه حلهایی را برای افزایش هویت ملی دانشجویان بازنمایی کند. روش به کار رفته در این پژوهش از نوع پیمایشی است که در میان244 نفراز دانشجویان دانشگاه اصفهان در سال تحصیلی93-94 انجام گردید. یافتهها نشان میدهد سبکهای هویتی میتواند تا 31درصد از هویت ملی دانشجویان را تبیین کند. در این میان سبک هنجاری بیشترین تأثیر مثبت و همافزا را داشت و سبک اجتنابی در جهت کاهش هویت ملی دانشجویان عمل کرد. این در حالی است که خودبسندگی، اکتشاف و جستجوگری فعالانه یعنی سبک هویتی اطلاعاتی نتوانست نقش معناداری در جهت افزایش یا کاهش هویت ملی ایفا کند.
- چکیده انگلیسی: Introduction The degree of national identity among academic youth and elite classes is one of the concerns facing governments and multicultural societies such as Iran. This issue, i.e. the degree of sense of belongingness and awareness of components constructing national identity requires investigating psychological, cultural, sociological, and political factors affecting it particularly among the third and fourth generations of the Revolution. Accordingly, the present study is to revise psychological and sociological representations of national identity with a new approach from the perspective of identity styles; the framework in which according to its theorists, individuals interpret their own life experiences appropriate to it and determine their life objectives based on it. It seems that the type of investigation, search, commitment, and decision making about what should be as national values, beliefs, and objectives, and consequently, involvement in important political and social actions, duties, and selections of individuals, can explain the degree of national identity among students. Therefore, the main question of the present study is whether identity styles and predict studentsâ national identity and which identity style or styles are related with the increase or decrease of individualsâ feeling and awareness of history, politics, culture, and society? The answer can represents some solutions in line with increasing studentsâ national identity via interdisciplinary studies.Material & MethodsThe method employed in the present study is the survey research. Participants were 244 students of the University of Isfahan in 2014-2015 (mean age = 22.96 years; 119 female )who completed tow questionnaires: first was identity styles Inventory (ISI-6G) that Berzonsky(1992) Offered in his Discuss, and The second questionnaire is estimated national identity that Rabbani et al.( 2009) applied in their research. As well as Pearson correlation, analysis variance model (ANOVA), and multivariate regression used to analyze the data.Discussion of Results & ConclusionsFindings of the research indicate that identity styles can explain up to 31% of studentsâ national identity. Accordingly, the normative style has the highest positive and synergistic effect, and avoidant style acts in line with the reduction in studentsâ national identity. This is while self-sufficiency, exploration and active probe, i.e. informational identity style cannot play the significant role for increasing or decreasing national identity. Thus, This study is consistent with those theories that believe that National identity is a concept planed, institutional and Constitutive and determined by oral and formal structures such as the family, schools, and government, So, in this research, national identity is produced and made in social structures For those who have normative style, they have National identity higher than the other styles. It can predict Up to 50 percent of national identity. In normative style, we expect that Individuals give mining about their Country, nation, nationality, culture, history and local values under the influence of authority and social structures. Also results indicated that differences in mean score of identity styles. Min score in avoidant style more than others and up to average. Also it can Decline national Identity in the Students of the University. It seams that person unresolved crisis in youth and adolescence unable to reflect and emergence her/his commitment and sense about national identity. This category of people havenât Cognitive stability of national values, to solve social and personal problems and often their burdens and responsibilities half-abandoned.This study demonstrated that identity styles contributed to Increase and decrease In national identity with  normative style and avoidant style Among students of the University, so The study recommended that  Public, formal, and training institutions especially University administrators should adopt strategies that strengthen the national value with nice voice, Image and Context. In this time, the Governments cannot defend its territorial integrity and national values only with military force, but According to the mental boundaries of its citizens and strengthen the sense of belonging to local and national elements is necessary.
- انتشار مقاله: 23-08-1395
- نویسندگان: راضیه مهرابی کوشکی,جواد امام جمعه زاده,حسین مسعودنیا,علی ربانی خوراسگانی
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: جامعه شناسی کاربردی
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: مشارکت سیاسی,میزان دینداری,رفتار انتخاباتی,گرایش رأی دهی
- چکیده: رفتار انتخاباتی مؤلف ها ی دوبعدی ناظر بر گرایش، مشارکت و تعاملات میان آن دو است. این پژوهش با هدف تعیین رابطه سطح دینداری با رفتار انتخاباتی در بین شهروندان اصفهانی صورت گرفته است. چارچوب نظری پژوهش بنا به تناسب موضوع، نظریههای ماکس وبر، آلکسی دو توکویل و مکاتب مربوط به این حوزه بررسی شد. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش، روش کتابخانهای و پیمایشی است و برای گردآوری اطلاعات میدانی از ابزار پرسشنامه بهره گرفته شده است. جامعه آماری پژوهش، شهروندان بالای 18 سال مناطق چهاردهگانه شهر اصفهان در سال 1391 است که تعداد 384 نفر از طریق فرمول تعیین حجم نمونه کوکران و در نهایت، به روش نمونهگیری سهمیهای انتخاب شدند. برای تجزیه و تحلیل دادهها نیز از آزمونهای آماری شاخصهای پراکندگی مرکزی، t-test ، تحلیل واریانس یکطرفه، ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و ضریب همبستگی چندگانه استفاده شده است. نتایج به دست آمده نشان میدهد که بیشترین مقدار تأثیرگذار، بعد اعتقادی دینداری با بعد میزان مشارکت رفتار انتخاباتی (0.89 r= ) و در ادامه بعد اعتقادی دینداری و بعد گرایش رأیدهی رفتار انتخاباتی ((*)0.71 r= )، بعد مناسکی دینداری با بعد میزان مشارکت رفتار انتخاباتی ((**)0.58 r= )، بعد مناسکی دینداری و بعد گرایش رأیدهی رفتار انتخاباتی ((*)0.47 r= ) و بعد تجربی دینداری با بعد گرایش رأیدهی رفتار انتخاباتی ((**)0.16 r= ) تأثیرگذار بوده است.
- چکیده انگلیسی:  Introduction  Electoral behavior is a Two-dimensional component that Supervision to how Conduct candidates and method of election of voters that have voting Conditions. This research has been in order to determination the relationship between religion and voting behavior among citizens of Esfahan. Theoretical frameworks of research were studied on Fitness Thread, Theories of Max Weber, Alexis de Tocqueville and Schools in this area. Election is important democratic political structure for making format is considered The Islamic Republic is based on the theory of religious democracy, direct and indirect ways of people effect for making power organization is predicted. With attention of Religion roleâs in political participate in general case and in specific case in Islamic republic shows of much effect of and potential of Religiosity in different election. Investigation of electoral behavior is an important era in political sociology nowadays. Knowing why people vote in a special way and have a special trends in an election is on of issues in this field. Elections in Iran, with about a hundred year history, the greatest symbol of political and social movements play a role in determining the fate of the country is elected. By studying the characteristics and behavioral patterns of elections and electoral behavior are revealed. Electoral behavior is a Two-dimensional component that Supervision to how Conduct candidates and method of election of voters that have voting Conditions. Propose of this study is diagnosing the effect of Religiosity on behavior on people of Isfahan in election with emphasis on Religious democracy, study on new theories on this subject, making Hypothesis on theory of Research on effect of Religiosity on election and test them, describe situation in this communication and application effect on behavior in election and finding answer for this problem for planning political participation. In the other words this research has been in order to Determination the relationship between religion and voting behavior among citizens of Esfahan .    Material & Methods  Theoretical frameworks of research were studied on Fitness Thread, in frame of Sociology theory and other theory (Theories of Max Weber, Alexis de Tocqueville) on this major has been studied and theory our research extracted. The research method in this study is Library and Survey Method and for field data collection is used Questionnaire. The study sample of research is obtained by Citizens over 18 years of 14 areas of Esfahan in 1391 that 384 person by the Cochran formula calculated. For Data Analysis is used of Statistical tests of Central dispersion indices, t-test, ANOVA test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple correlation coefficients. The results show that most influential has been aspect of religious belief with aspect of Participation of Electoral Behavior (r=0.89), and more been aspect of religious belief with aspect of voting trends in electoral behavior (r=0.71 (*)), Ritualistic dimension of religiosity with aspect of Participation of Electoral Behavior (r=0.58 (**)), Ritualistic dimension of religiosity with aspect of voting trends in electoral behavior (r=0.47 (*)) and Empirical dimensions of religiosity with aspect of voting trends in electoral behavior (r=0.16 (**)). Also the structural equation modeling study is represent data confirm with the theoretical framework of research.  The research method in this study is Library and Survey Method and for field data collection is used Questionnaire. The study sample of research is obtained by Citizens over 18 years of 14 areas of Esfahan in 1391 that 384 person by the Cochran formula is calculated. For Data Analysis is used of Statistical tests of Central dispersion indices, t-test, ANOVA test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple correlation coefficients.  Research titled the relationship between religiosity and participation in the election was conducted, prepared regarding this hypothesis: Higher levels of religiosity leads to greater participation in elections. Argument of present study was that considering the religious conditions in the political system in Iran, Those with higher levels of religiosity are most participate in elections to effectuation of a religious political system and the results of this study also reinforces the argument. Thus, Approved both hypothetically in this research and the results corresponded well with the theoretical apparatus.  Finally, it is recommended that electoral behavior measured in the broader surfaces of said, including the level of activity in the design and its relationship with religiosity. According to type of sampling, renewed research is worthy pursuit with probability sampling in the multi-population.    Discussion of Results & Conclusions  The results show that most influential has been aspect of religious belief with aspect of Participation of Electoral Behavior (r=0.89), and more been aspect of religious belief with aspect of voting trends in electoral behavior (r=0.71 (*)), Ritualistic dimension of religiosity with aspect of Participation of Electoral Behavior (r=0.58 (**)), Ritualistic dimension of religiosity with aspect of voting trends in electoral behavior (r=0.47 (*)) and Empirical dimensions of religiosity with aspect of voting trends in electoral behavior (r=0.16 (**)).   Research titled the relationship between religiosity and participation in the election was conducted, prepared regarding this hypothesis: Higher levels of religiosity leads to greater participation in elections. Argument of present study was that considering the religious conditions in the political system in Iran, Those with higher levels of religiosity are most participate in elections to effectuation of a religious political system and the results of this study also reinforces the argument. Thus, Approved both hypothetically in this research and the results corresponded well with the theoretical apparatus.  Finally, it is recommended that electoral behavior measured in the broader surfaces of said, including the level of activity in the design and its relationship with religiosity. According to type of sampling, renewed research is worthy pursuit with probability sampling in the multi-population. Â
- انتشار مقاله: 25-03-1395
- نویسندگان: بهجت یزدخواستی,علی ربانی خوراسگانی,زهرا سادات کشاورز
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: جامعه شناسی کاربردی
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: نگرش,استبداد ایرانی,حکومت دیکتاتوری,حکومت استبدادی
- چکیده: مقاله حاضر درصدد تحلیل نگرش محمدرضا شاه پهلوی به حکومتگری، طبقات و جریانهای پرنفوذ اجتماعی در دوره پس از کودتای 28 مرداد است. محدوده تاریخی تحقیق سالهای 1332 تا پایان 1355ه.ش را در بر میگیرد. پیش فرض نظری طرح چنین موضوعی این است که نگرش شاه پیوندی دیالکتیکی با شرایط سیاسی و اجتماعی زمانه او داشته است . چارچوب نظری این پژوهش بر مبنای آراء همایون کاتوزیان در نظریه استبداد ایرانی صورتبندی شد. روش تحقیق کیفی از نوع تحلیل محتوای کمّی و کیفی است. اطلاعات براساس تمامی سخنرانیها، پیامها و مصاحبههای شاه در دو دوره زمانی از سال 32 تا42 و از سال 42 تا 56 به دست آمد. طبق یافتههای تحقیق حاضر، در دوره پس از کودتای 28 مرداد، با انقلاب سفید، چرخشی آشکار در نگرش شاه نسبت به حکومتگری، گروهها و طبقات اجتماعی پرنفوذ، دین، قانون اساسی، مشروطیت، دموکراسی، غرب و نظام جهانی به وجود آمد. بر این اساس، دوران پس از کودتا را باید به لحاظ نگرشی به دو دوره اصلی پیش، پس از انقلاب سفید تقسیم کرد. روند کلی نگرش او نشاندهنده چرخش از یک پادشاه دیکتاتور به یک پادشاه خودکامه و خودسر است و حتی در زیر دورههای مورد مطالعه در این تحقیق میتوان به این نکته اشاره کرد که شاه در طول مدت سلطنت خود به لحاظ نگرشی پیش از کودتای سال 32 یک پادشاه دیکتاتور و پس از آن یک پادشاه مستبد بوده است و میل او به دیکتاتوری و استبداد، ناشی و متأثر از شرایطی، همچون: وجود یا عدم افراد و گروههای پرنفوذ و مستقل در عرصه سیاسی، میزان درآمدهای نفتی و چگونگی سیاستهای حمایتی آمریکا بوده است. بنابراین، یافتههای پژوهش حاضر در چارچوب تحلیل محتوای سخنان شاه، نظریه استبداد ایرانی را تأیید میکند.
- چکیده انگلیسی: Introduction Second Pahlaviâs era, due to its unique role in providing the context for the Islamic Revolution of Iran, is very important in contemporary history of Iran. According to the studies on this era, we can say that formation of the Islamic Revolution had a close interrelationship with policies which were adopted in the period. In describing the nature of the state at Pahlaviâs era, different researchers have expressed their views derived from different perspectives. Among them, we can see three different groups: the first group sees the state as a dependent capitalism and the second group sees it as a rentier state and the third group sees it as an absolutist state or despotism. Despite of differences between these groups, they all agree that the nature of the state at Pahlaviâs era is essentially different from previous periods in which government was under the dominance of tribal systems. First Pahlavi with proceedings such as formation of national boundaries, promotion of nationalism, reviving of ancient traditions, debilitation of pre-modern classes, the use of new ways of taxing, unification of clothing and education and creation of modern army and bureaucracy, fulfilled his absolutist power by using naked force (Kasraai, 2013). However, the process continued during the second Pahlavi era, which is the focus of this article, but during this time the 1953 Iranian coup, 28 Mordad coup, was a critical turning point. The occurrence of this coup was an important indicator showing that the kingâs attitude toward the governance had changed. Since the Mohammad Reza Shahâs political positions had a significant effect on the social and political transformations of the period, we attempted to study the kingâs attitude toward governance, classes, and influential social movements in the period following the 1953 Coup. Materials & Methods In this research, we studied the Mohammad Reza Shahâs attitude toward governance, classes and influential social movements in the period following the 1953 coup by content analysis of the shah's speeches, messages and interviews during two main periods: before and after the White Revolution (1963). In this content analysis, the recording unit is subject, which is defined as a single expression about things, and the context unit is paragraph. Besides, we adopted indicators that in the Iranian Despotism Theory are brought up for dictatorship and arbitrary rule concepts and then tried to answer two main questions: 1) was the attitude of Mohammad Reza Shah toward governance, classes and influential social movements during the period before White Revolution (1342/1963) totalitarian? And 2) was the attitude of Mohammad Reza Shah toward governance, influential social classes and movements during the period after White Revolution (1342/1963) arbitrary? Analyzed texts include all speeches, interviews and messages of the Shah in the period after the 1953 Coup, which were collected from a ten-volume book named â Writings, Speeches, Messages, Interviews And Expressions Of Iranâs Shah Mohammad Reza Shah-E Pahlaviâ published by Keyhanak Publication Company. The texts selected by using purposive sampling. Discussion of Results & Conclusions In the post period of the 1953 coup, with The White Revolution, a noticeable turn happened in the Shahâs attitude toward governance, classes and influential social movements, religion, the constitution, the West and global order. This era can be divided into two main periods: before and after the White Revolution (1963/1342). Thus, this event was a turning point which facilitated Shah's change from a totalitarian king to an arbitrary one. The findings show that the transformation in the attitude of Shah depended on three elements: 1) existence or nonexistence of independent and influential individuals or groups in the political sphere, 2) condition of oil incomes and 3) the U.S protection policies of the Shah. However, none of the periods were smooth and flat. To put it in a nutshell, all findings support the ideas of the Iranian Despotism Theory, proposed by Homa Katouzian, which shares some features with three approaches on the nature of state in Iran that mentioned above, as its emphasis on dependent development, rentier nature of modern Iranâs state and its historical despotism.
- انتشار مقاله: 25-03-1395
- نویسندگان: جمشید ترابی اقدم,ثریا معمار,ثریا معمار,علی ربانی خوراسگانی
- مشاهده