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کاربرد نوع شرط:
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: International Journal of School Health
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: Stress,Temperature,Humidity,Salivary Alpha,Amylases (sAA)
- چکیده:
- چکیده انگلیسی: Background: Indoor environment, in which we are located, influences our psychological responses, like stress. Thermal comfort is one of the most important factors determining the quality of indoor environment, obtained by calculating predicted mean vote (PMV) and predicted percentage of dissatisfaction (PPD) in a steady-state approach. Several studies revealed that hot or cold temperature (°C) could increase stress. However, other climatic thermal comfort factors like relative humidity (%) and air velocity (m/s) have not been well researched in this regard. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of undesirable thermal comfort on stress by measuring salivary alpha-amylase levels (sAA) in female high school students. Methods: The present study was conducted in a semi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test and control group. The sample size was 390 female high school students, who were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling, during years 2016 and 2017, in Shiraz, Iran. Students were divided to intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, thermal comfort was interfered by changing temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity for two hours. Saliva was collected by Cocorometer’s strip and sAA was measured by a hand-held device, Cocorometer (Nipro Co, Osaka, Japan). The pre-test and post-test were compared with each other. Thermal comfort in classrooms was measured by a steady-state model, PMV/PPD index, and data was analyzed by Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Results: Interfering in temperatures and humidity at an average of 4.8°C and 36% for two hours in the intervention group caused thermal comfort to be in an unfavorable range (PMV > +0.5) and dissatisfaction was more than desirable (PPD > 10%). In the intervention group, when the intervention took place at the temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, and the synchronous effect of these three variables (TRHAV), the mean sAA was 43.57, 42.74, 44.23, and 45.93 (KU/L) in the pre-test and 55.91, 52.35, 44.89 and 61.99 (KU/L) in the post-test. Also, in the control group, the mean sAA was 44.73, 47.03, 43.38, and 44.36 (KU/L) in pre-test and 44.04, 47.19, 43.83, and 43.77 (KU/L) in the post-test. The sAA was significantly increased in the intervention group when thermal comfort and its climatic variables, including temperature (P < 0.001) and relative humidity (P < 0.001), was undesirable. No Significant increase was observed in air velocity (P = 0.659). In the control group, the mean sAA did not change significantly in pre-test and post-test. Conclusions: Undesirable thermal comfort increased stress in female high school students. Stress was affected by temperature, relative humidity and the synchronous effect of temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity yet not air velocity, individually.
- انتشار مقاله: 11-10-1348
- نویسندگان: Najmeh Najafi,Khosrow Movahed,Zahra Barzegar,Siamak Samani
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: International Journal of School Health
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: Stress,Security,Thermal comfort,Educational environment,Physical factors,Ambient Stressors,Environmental Interveners
- چکیده:
- چکیده انگلیسی: Background: Environmental variables are one of the main factors affecting stress. This research aimed to determine environmental factors affecting students’ stress in the educational environment in Shiraz, Iran, in the framework of survey research. Methods: The study included a sample of 246 female high school students who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling from a Shiraz-based educational district. As a tool for collecting data, a questionnaire was prepared by reviewing the relevant literature and in accordance with the research objectives. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated to determine the reliability of the questionnaire, which was equal to 0.72, showing a good reliability. The content validity of the questionnaire was also verified by experts and faculty related to the subject. In order to investigate the construct validity, after examining the internal consistency of the questions, the questionnaire was analyzed using the main components method. Based on the results of factor analysis, four factors including thermal comfort, physical factors, environmental interventions, and security were extracted. Data analysis was done by SPSS 21. The effect of environmental factors on student stress was investigated using one-sample T-test for each of the factors. In addition, Friedman test was used to study the importance of the environmental factors referring to each other. Results: From the viewpoint of students, thermal comfort (P value < 0.001), physical factors (P value < 0.001), security (P value < 0.001), and environmental interveners (P value < 0.001) comprised more than 60% of the factors affecting students’ stress in the classroom. In addition, average rating (AR) of the environmental variable was as follows: environmental interveners (AR = 3.31), thermal comfort (AR = 2.62), physical factors (AR = 2.50), and security (AR = 1.57). Conclusions: Environmental factors such as environmental interveners, thermal comfort, physical factors, and security could affect female high school student’s stress expressed in the order of importance. They should be taken into consideration by designers of educational spaces.
- انتشار مقاله: 11-10-1348
- نویسندگان: Najmeh Najafi,Khosro Movahed,Zahra Barzegar,Siamak Samani
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: International Journal of School Health
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: anxiety,high school,Students,depression,Air Quality,Ventilation,Window Opening,CO Concentration,Classroom
- چکیده:
- چکیده انگلیسی: Background: The mental and physical comfort of students in the classroom is very important because it affects students’ learning. The structure of negative emotional states, including stress, anxiety, and depression is influenced by the building environment and its physical features. Objectives: The present study aimed to survey the relationship between ventilation by window opening and female student’s stress, anxiety, and depression in high school classrooms. Methods: The current study was conducted as a quasi-experimental method, using pre-test and post-test with the control group. Statistical population of this study was female students studying at Shiraz high schools during 2016 - 2017. A total of 384 students were selected randomly using Cochran’s formula for participation in the study. The students in 14 classrooms were divided into two groups of intervention and control. The pre-test was used for assessing stress, anxiety, and depression in DASS-21 questionnaires. The intervention group was then allowed to improve the air quality for 6 weeks by opening the window in the classroom. However, this discretion was not given to students in the control group. After 6 weeks of post-test, DASS 21 questionnaire was used. Results: The mean stress score in the intervention group was 20.36 ± 4.326 at pre-test and 19.91 ± 5.162 at post-test and in the control group was 20.28 ± 5.348 at pre-test and 19.91 ± 5.162 at post-test. The mean anxiety score in the intervention group was 20.15 ± 4.705 at pre-test and 18.55 ± 4.673 at post-test and in the control group was 19.12 ± 5.272 at pre-test and 18.92 ± 5.0 at post-test. Also, the mean depression score in the intervention group was 18.29 ± 4.878 at pre-test and 18.53 ± 4.750 at post-test and in the control group was 17.83 ± 5.501 at pre-test and 17.28 ± 5.375 at post-test. Ventilation by window opening could significantly decrease the level of stress (P < 0.001) and anxiety (P < 0.001) but no significant difference was observed in depression (P = 0.067). Conclusions: Ventilation by window opening in the classroom could reduce the stress and anxiety of female high school students in eight weeks, but did not affect the level of depression.
- انتشار مقاله: 11-10-1348
- نویسندگان: Najmeh Najafi,Khosro Movahed,Zahra Barzegar,Siamak Samani
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: Materials,Kerman province,Climatic architecture,Local architecture,Meymand village,Earth-profiting
- چکیده:
- چکیده انگلیسی: Constructed upon a height (by footing) or breaking in to the ground, in a building, making a close relation between earth and soil is of great importance. In addition, earth as a prior factor in creation of a shade and residence, plays a crucial role in architecture history. Throughout the different area, earth is paid attention differently: as a source of cool (in China), a source of heat (Cappadocia, Turkey), and conversely as an offensive source in Amazon forests. In hot-arid climates, proximity to earth is useful to apply the heat in the buildings. Present study aims to investigate the mentioned factor in Dastkand village located at Kerman province. Mountainous moderate climate, cold and icy winters and moderate summers is of the considerable properties of the studied area. The maximum and minimum temperature was recorded, 42 and -18° C during summer and winter, respectively. Hence, in addition to cultural as well as economic factors, temperature fluctuation played a key role in breaking the buildings in to the ground. So, this study assists to investigate the studied area within natural bed, in plan and section. On this basis, technical methods of earth profiting throughout the studied area have been investigated, in order to profit earth in modern architecture. Results showed a harmony between dominant winds and buildings in winter and summer.
Moreover, profiting from high sun shining with special architecture is of Meymand village characteristic. Using breaking in to the ground technique, 26.57 % decrease occurred in cooling need, annually. On the other hand, Day-Degree heating need has reduced to approximately 13.65 % annually solely by earth profiting technique. Overall, results demonstrate a harmony between applied technique and the studied region climate. Besides, there reported a proper isotropy between temperature fluctuation and air aridity throughout the region.- انتشار مقاله: 14-01-1391
- نویسندگان: Zahra Barzegar,Nooshin Karimi
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: Energy Consumption,Residential sector,heating gas consumption,built area,occupant number
- چکیده:
- چکیده انگلیسی: The purpose of this research is to found the impact of built area and occupant number on winter gas consumption in the residential building sector of Iran, Shiraz.Sothe annually and monthly gas consumption data through 19 houses were analyzed to achieve the heating energy consumption and operation month.The average operation months of gas heating consumption were from first of November up to end of April and the average maximum monthly gas consumption of sample houses was in February. On the other hand, the case study houses have different built area from 80 t0 200 m2andoccupant number from 3 to 7 persons.It was concluded that the biggest and busiest houses did not consume the maximum annual gas consumption and so the smallest and low occupant ones about minimum consumption. Therefore, the samples heating consumption was not so related to the built area and occupant number. The occupant culture and behavior was more supposed to be related with energy consumption in residential sector of the city.
- انتشار مقاله: 11-04-1390
- نویسندگان: Zahra Barzegar,Nooshin Karimi,Mohammad Ali Nemati
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: Regression,Energy Consumption,Solar radiation,Residential sector,Building orientation,Cooling need
- چکیده:
- چکیده انگلیسی: In this research multiple-regression analysis with stepwise selection method was employed for investigating the effect
of vertical building envelopes solar radiation (Evr) on cooling energy consumption (E cooling) in residential sector.
The high capacity of solar energy in semi-arid climate (Shiraz) can provide a part of buildings required energy. Depends
on house orientations in two directions of SE and SW and by using statistical data, E cooling in urban residences was
analyzed. The autocorrelation in the residuals, checked by Durbin- Watson test, was not existed. By investigating
the relations between average Evr and E Cooling in each group, it can be proved that climatic orientated houses can
achieve lower E Cooling, owing to SE desirable orientation. The percentage of Evr in SW houses is 28.89 % and in SE
it is 15.72 %, so choosing the building orientation is important to reduce energy consumption. Finally, the concluding
remarks were indicated.- انتشار مقاله: 03-05-1393
- نویسندگان: Zahra Barzegar,Shahin Heidari,Morteza Asade Khalaji
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: Desert
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: Energy Consumption,Desert climate,Residential building,Occupant number (Occ),Built area (BA)
- چکیده:
- چکیده انگلیسی: Energy consumption in the residential sector is a complex socio-technical problem that can be explained using a
combination of physical, demographic and behavioural characteristics of a house and its occupants. In this paper, by
using the energy consumption data for the residential sector of Shiraz in Iran, the effect of built area (BA) and
occupant number (Occ) on annual energy consumption (Ec) was investigated. Ten houses from the first modern
period of the city were selected randomly from 1971 up to 1991. It was found that the built area and Occ did not have
a direct impact on energy consumption in Shiraz’s residential buildings; however, the household behaviours and
houses’ building construction directly affected energy saving. Houses with maximum BA or maximum annual energy
consumption were not the same; the same held for Occ. The average annual energy consumption per capita of 1 m2
built area of the case studies was 0.087, and for each occupant it was 2.487.
- انتشار مقاله: 06-09-1392
- نویسندگان: Zahra Barzegar,Sh. Heidari
- مشاهده