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کاربرد نوع شرط:
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: Iranian Economic Review
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: Robust Control,E58,E61,Keywords: Cost-Push Shock Uncertainty,Discretionary,New-Keynesian Phillips Curve,Robust Optimal Monetary Policy. JEL Classification: E52,E12
- چکیده:
- چکیده انگلیسی: T here is always uncertainty about the soundness of an economic model’s structure and parameters. Therefore, central banks normally face with uncertainty about the key economic explanatory relationships. So, policymaker should take into account the uncertainty in formulating monetary policies. The present study is aimed to examine robust optimal monetary policy under uncertainty, by a cost-push shock to the Iran’s economy. For this purpose, three new-Keynesian Phillips curve equations are used, and robust discretionary optimal monetary policy is formulated by employing Hansen and Sargent robust control approach (2002). In all three curve equations, robust discretionary monetary policy is more aggressive comparing to the rational expectations. Considering the last period inflation rate in New- Keynesian Phillips curve, the degree of aggressiveness of robust monetary policy reduces, and with reducing the weight of the last period inflation rate, more reduction in the degree of aggressiveness of monetary policy is observed. On one hand, in all three models, with increasing the weight of inflation in the loss function of monetary policymakers, robust monetary policy is still more aggressive than the monetary policy under certainty. On the other hand, the degree of aggressiveness of monetary policy decreases, while the expected loss increases.
- انتشار مقاله: 26-01-1396
- نویسندگان: Fatemeh Labafi Feriz,Saeed Samadi,Khadijeh Nasrollahi,Rasul Bakhshi Dastjerdi
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: Iranian Journal of Economic Studies
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: Iran,externality,Inflation Taxation,Consumption Taxation,Welfare,Leisure
- چکیده: خالص اثرات جایگزینی مالیات بر مصرف به مالیات تورمی بر تخصیص منابع و رفاه شدیداً به اثرات جانبی تولید بستگی دارد. نتایج بیانگر این است که با عرضه نیروی کار کششپذیر، افزایش مالیات تورمی فراغت را کاهش میدهد، اما سطح مصرف واقعی، سرمایه و تولید را افزایش میدهد. همچنین، این تغییر جهت مالیاتی دو اثر متضاد بر سطح ماندههای پولی دارد: اثر مثبت از طریق افزایش در تولید باعث رشد سریعتر پول اسمی میشود و اثر منفی از طریق کاهش در نسبت ماندههای واقعی پول به تولید صورت میگیرد. بدون اثرات جانبی تولید، اثر مثبت ضعیف است و اثر منفی غالب میشود. اثر واقعی این تغییر جهت بر تخصیص منابع ریشه در عرضه نیروی کار درونزا دارد. اگر مبادله بین فراغت و عرضه نیروی کار وجود نداشته باشد، آنگاه اثر واقعی بر مصرف، سرمایه و تولید از بین میرود. با عرضه نیروی کار کششپذیر، اثرات رفاهی این تغییر جهت مالیاتی مشروط به اثرات جانبی تولید است. بدون اثرات جانبی تولید، مالیات تورمی همیشه باعث کاهش رفاه میشود. با اثرات جانبی قوی تولید، تغییر جهت از مالیات بر مصرف به مالیات تورمی ممکن است از طریق اصلاح سرمایهگذاری و عرضه نیروی کار کمتر از حد رفاه را افزایش دهد.
- چکیده انگلیسی: The net effects of switching from consumption taxation to inflation taxation on resource allocation and welfare crucially depend on production externalities. With elastic labor supply, raising inflation taxation decreases leisure, but increases the levels of real consumption, capital, and output. Moreover, this tax switch has two opposing effects on the level of real money balances: A positive effect through the rise in output caused by the faster nominal money growth and a negative one through the fall in the ratio of real money balances to output. In the absence of any production, externality the negative effect dominates the positive effect. The real effect of this tax switching on resource allocation depends on the behavior of labor supply. If there is not a trade-off between leisure and labor supply, then the real effect of switching to inflaction taxation on real consumption, capital and output would disappear. With elasticity of labor supply, the welfare effect of this tax switch is conditional on the production externality. In the absence of production externality, inflation taxation always reduces welfare. With a strong enough production externality, switching from consumption taxation to inflation taxation may raise welfare by correcting the under-investment of capital and the under-supply of labor.
- انتشار مقاله: 26-11-1392
- نویسندگان: Hojat Izadkhasti,Rahim Dalali Isfahani,Saeed Samadi
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: Addiction and Health
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: Iran,Men,Consumption patterns,Consumer,Alcoholic beverages
- چکیده:
- چکیده انگلیسی: Background: Alcohol consumption is a potential risk factor with acute and chronic health consequences and social impacts, which is more prominent among men. There is no precise statistics on the scope of alcohol consumption in Iran; however, there is some evidences showing an increasing trend, particularly among young generation. In order to evaluate the scope of this issue in Kerman, a large city in the south-east of Iran, this exploratory study was designed to approach a group of people having an experience of alcohol use.Methods: Samples were recruited to the study using a snowball sampling. 200 eligible subjects were questioned about the type of alcohol consumed, frequency of use, and other factors associated with alcohol consumption. In order to maximize the validity of responses, data were collected through self-administered questionnaires.Findings: The main alcoholic drinks consumed by individuals were the homemade distillates (46%), wine (22%), beer (14%), distilled spirits (11%), and medical alcohol (7%), respectively. The majority of individuals participating in the study (73%) used mostly homemade drinks; moreover, 63%, 26%, 9%, and 2% of subjects took monthly or less, two to four times a month, two to three times a week, and at least four times a week, respectively. Only 2% of the subjects were heavy consumers of alcoholic beverages.Conclusion: Due to the lack of control over homemade alcoholic beverages, its high levels can be a huge potential risk. Furthermore, it seems that both factors of access and price to be very effective in the amount of alcoholics taken by individuals. Therefore, further studies in this area will help to reduce the harm caused by alcohol consumption.
- انتشار مقاله: 09-07-1396
- نویسندگان: Saeed Samadi,Mohammad Reza Baneshi,Ali Akbar Haghdoost
- مشاهده