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کاربرد نوع شرط:
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: Graphene Oxide,Nanofluid,Shear rate,Rheological Properties,Non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation
- چکیده:
- چکیده انگلیسی: Traditionally water-ethylene glycol mixture based nanofluids are used in cold regions as a coolant in the car radiators. In the present study, the rheological properties of water-ethylene glycol based graphene oxide nanofluid are studied using Non-Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics (NEMD) method at different temperatures, volume concentrations, and shear rates. NEMD simulations are performed with considering 75/25, 60/40, and 40/60 ratios of water/ethylene glycol as the base fluids at volume concentrations of 3%, 4%, and 5% graphene oxide nanosheets. The results, which demonstrated good agreement with experimental data, show that the viscosity and density of base fluids significantly decrease with temperature and increases with ethylene glycol volume fraction. Also, the viscosity and density of nanofluids depends directly on the volume concentrations of nanoparticles and decreases with increasing temperature. For example, at 289.85 K, the viscosity of water (75%)-ethylene glycol (25%) based nanofluids containing 3%, 4% and 5% volume concentrations of nanoparticles increased by 33%, 43%, and 56%, respectively. Similarly, the density of the same nanofluids increased by 1%, 1.7 %, and 2.2%, respectively. Moreover, the theoretical models confirm the obtained results. According to the shear rate analysis, the water-ethylene glycol based graphene oxide nanofluid behaves as a non-Newtonian fluid.
- انتشار مقاله: 02-09-1394
- نویسندگان: Mir-Shahabeddin Izadkhah,Hamid Erfan-Niya,Hamed Moradkhani
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: Archives of Razi Institute
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: Inactivation,Formalin,Influenza virus H9N2,Avian influenza vaccine
- چکیده:
- چکیده انگلیسی: Avian influenza is one of the most important diseases in avian industry, which also threats human population. Thus, vaccination is necessary for controlling this viral disease. In this study, killed vaccine of avian influenza subtype H9N2 and formalin solution (for virus inactivation) were used. It is necessary to study the effect of different factors such as formalin concentration, as well as incubation temperature and duration on inactivation process. For this purpose, after preparation and measurement of antibody titers of vaccinal strains of avian influenza, 27 experimental samples of H9N2 avian influenza virus were prepared at different formalin concentrations (0.1%, 0.05%, and 0.025%), at different incubation temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C, and 37 °C), and in different incubation durations (12, 18, and 24 h). In addition, three control samples were prepared at three different test temperatures without adding formalin. All the samples were evaluated by inactivation test, hemagglutination assay, and measurement of free formaldehyde. All the experiments were repeated within three consecutive periods. Considering the findings and destructive effects of long incubation durations at 37°C on antigens, the temperature of 25 °C was more suitable. Furthermore, the free formaldehyde amounts at different concentrations at 25 °C were slightly different in comparison with 37 °C. Therefore, formalin concentration of 0.1% at 25 °C completely inactivated the virus within 24 h and was proposed as the optimal condition.
- انتشار مقاله: 11-12-1394
- نویسندگان: Behrooz Raie Jadidi,Hamid Erfan-Niya,Ali Ameghi
- مشاهده