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کاربرد نوع شرط:
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: International Journal of Foreign Language Teaching & Research
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: test-taking strategies,test taking process,EFL learners’ performance,reading comprehension tests,academic settings
- چکیده:
- چکیده انگلیسی: Although most researchers have recently considered the role of test-taking strategies as one of the most vital factors in test taking process, it has been ignored by most EFL teachers in educational and academic settings including Iran. Because of the importance of test-taking strategies in EFL learners’ performance in tests, this research was set out to examine what strategies Iranian EFL test takers employed in reading comprehension tests. Furthermore, the present paper aimed at finding any possible relationship between test-taking strategies and test takers’ performance on reading comprehension tests. Discovering the best predictors of EFL reading test performance among several categories of test-taking strategies was also investigated. To this end, 135 EFL students were chosen based on their availability. All of the students were female, majoring in different fields of study. Three kinds of materials including multiple-choice reading comprehension tests, a questionnaire, and interviews were utilized to investigate the research questions. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, Pearson Product Correlation, and stepwise regression. The results showed a significant, positive, but low correlation between the students’ total reading score and planning and also monitoring strategies. Furthermore, planning strategy proved to be a predictor of English reading comprehension test.
- انتشار مقاله: 28-08-1396
- نویسندگان: Maryam Bahardoost,Alireza Ahmadi
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: International Journal of Foreign Language Teaching & Research
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: language proficiency,EFL Learners,Oral communication strategies,cultural background,L2 interlocutors
- چکیده:
- چکیده انگلیسی: Oral Communication Strategies are conscious techniques that L2 interlocutors employ to overcome the communication breakdowns in the target language. Hence, they can help to promote the effectiveness of communication ability. However, it must be noted that many variables can influence the use of these strategies. The present study, therefore, aimed to investigate the role of language proficiency and cultural background variables on the use of oral communication strategies. After piloting the Oral Communication Strategy Inventory and Cultural Milieu and examining the reliability analysis as well as the construct validity, the questionnaires were administered to 320 participants majoring in the English language at B.A and M.A levels. Then, SPSS 18.0 computer program was used to analyze the collected data. Next, an interview was held to gain more information on the use of strategies by the Iranian EFL learners. The results of this inquiry revealed that there is no significant difference between learners at different language proficiency levels in terms of oral communication strategies use, while there is a significant difference between different cultural backgrounds in the use of OCSs. The findings of this research can be useful for developing the use of oral communication strategies among EFL learners, particularly with Persian and Turkish cultural backgrounds.
- انتشار مقاله: 23-05-1395
- نویسندگان: Maryam Shokrolahi,Alireza Ahmadi
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: National Innovation System,Functions of National Innovation System,Weaknesses of Iran’s National Innovation System
- چکیده:
- چکیده انگلیسی: Today, researchers have presented a variety of innovations that are referred to as generations of innovation and are divided into two general linear and systemic categories. One of the approaches to innovation in the systemic perspective is the National Innovation System. The study of national innovation systems suggests foundations and new approaches to government technology policies. The approach of national innovation systems emphasizes that the flow of information and technology between people, investment, and institutions is key to the innovation process. With a glance at the performance of universities, research institutes and private firms in Iran, it can be seen that, despite many abilities in technology development, many of them have failed to make commercialization of technology. In this research, with the aim of identifying the weaknesses of the National Innovation System of Iran, we first discuss the definition of the innovation system and its features and functions. Then, with the functionalist approach to this system, the weaknesses of the National Innovation System of Iran are enumerated. Finally, a framework is developed to identify the failures that these weaknesses arise from them.
- انتشار مقاله: 20-09-1397
- نویسندگان: Reza Ghazanfari,Alireza AliAhmadi
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: Journal of Modern Research in English Language Studies
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: Accuracy,Complexity,Oral Feedback Modes,Oral Performance
- چکیده:
- چکیده انگلیسی: The debate continues on what features of oral performance are influenced by oral feedback. The present study tries to provide an answer to this question in an EFL context. To this end the effect of six different modes of oral feedback on the features of oral complexity and accuracy was investigated using data from 66 Iranian EFL learners who were selected conveniently from the Iran Language Institute. The participants were divided into experimental and control groups at two different levels of elementary and pre-intermediate. The experimental groups were presented with six different types of oral feedback modes (recasts, clarification requests, metalinguistic, praising, elicitation, and repetition) and at the end of the research they were tested by an in-class oral test to measure their complexity and accuracy (CA). To compare the participants’ oral features, a Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and a Mann-Whitney U Test were run. The results indicated that complexity and accuracy significantly improved among the groups, moreover; there were significant differences in the post-tests between both elementary and pre-intermediate levels regarding CA. The results further indicated that Iranian learners of English would have fewer errors and would be more accurate when receiving oral feedback modes. The study highlights the complex relationship that exists between features of oral performance. The findings of the present study can have theoretical and practical implications for syllabus designers, teacher trainers, and testing researchers.
- انتشار مقاله: 19-01-1398
- نویسندگان: Mobina Rahnama,Alireza Ahmadi,Seyyed Ayatollah Razmjoo,Omid Mazandarani
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: Journal of Modern Research in English Language Studies
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: Curriculum,Pluralism,Pluralistic Curriculum (PC),Pluralistic Curriculum (PC) Model,Pluralistic Education
- چکیده: پیش زمینه: در دهکده جهانی مصطلح، افراد باید بیاموزند که خودشان را با تغییرات فرهنگی و اجتماعی وفق دهند. یکی از نمودهای این تغییرات در جوامع، ظهور جوامع کثرت گرا/چندفرهنگی است که استفاده از عناصر آموزش کثرت گرا/چندفرهنگی را در نظام های آموزشی ملزم می کند.
هدف: هدف از این پژوهش، طراحی و اعتبارسنجی یک الگوی برنامه درسی کثرت گرا برای آموزش زبان انگلیسی در دبیرستان های ایران بود.
روش: بدین منظور، از یک طرح همزمان (کیفی+کمّی) با رویکرد ترکیبی استفاده شد. شرکت کنندگان در این تحقیق شامل 30 متخصص برنامه درسی ایرانی (17 مرد و 13 زن) از انجمن برنامه ریزی مطالعات برنامه ریزی درسی ایران می شدند که از طریق نمونه گیری گلوله برفی انتخاب شده بودند.
نتایج: با تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها، مؤلفه های زیر برای برنامه درسی کثرت گرا شناسایی شد: آموزش کثرت گرا، ارزشیابی کثرت گرا، برابری قومی و نژادی، برابری طبقه اجتماعی، برابری و تنوع زبانی، برابری جنسیتی، تنوع فرهنگی و تحمل تفاوت. همچنین، نشان داده شد که الگوی طراحی شده از چهار عنصر محتوا، راهبردها/روش های تدریس/یادگیری، ارزشیابی و اهداف تشکیل شده است. همچنین، مشخص شد که الگوی طراحی شده از دیدگاه متخصصان برنامه ریزی درسی معتبر است.
نتیجه گیری/کاربردها: این یافته نویدبخش دال بر این است که می توان این الگو را درعرصه آموزش زبان انگلیسی در دبیرستان های ایران بکار گرفت. همچنین می توان این الگو را بعنوان مقیاسی معتبر برای ارزشیابی برنامه های درسی زبان انگلیسی در سطوح مختلف متوسطه از نظر سازگاری با برنامه درسی کثرت گرا مورد استفاده قرار داد.- چکیده انگلیسی: Background: In the so-called global village, individuals should learn to adapt themselves to cultural and social changes. One manifestation of the changes in societies is the emergence of pluralistic/multicultural societies which necessitates using intercultural/pluralistic education elements in education systems.
Purpose: This study aimed at developing and validating a Pluralistic Curriculum (PC) model for English language teaching (ELT) in Iranian high schools.
Method: To this aim, a concurrent design (qualitative + quantitative) within a mixed methods approach was used. Participants of the study were 30 Iranian (17 male and 13 female) curriculum experts from Iranian Curriculum Studies Association (ICSA) who were selected through snowball sampling.
Results: Results of data analysis revealed the following components for PC: pluralistic education, pluralistic evaluation, racial and ethnic equality, social class equality, linguistic diversity and equality, gender equality, cultural diversity and tolerance of difference. Results of data analysis also showed that the proposed model consists of four elements namely, content, teaching/learning Strategies/methods, evaluation and goal. Moreover, it was found that the proposed PC model is valid from the viewpoint of the curriculum experts.
Conclusions/implications: This promising finding implies that the proposed model can be implemented by ELT practitioners in the Iranian high schools. Furthermore, it can be used as a valid scale to see whether educational curriculums most particularly EFL/ESL curriculums at different levels (primary, junior high school, high school, and tertiary education) are developed in line with pluralistic curriculum or not.- انتشار مقاله: 08-11-1397
- نویسندگان: Khatereh Zohrabi,Seyyed Ayatollah Razmjoo,Alireza Ahmadi
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: Journal of Modern Research in English Language Studies
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: Washback,test effect,Habermas’s social theory
- چکیده: آزمون امروزه به قدری با زندگی مدرن گره خورده که عواقب محتوم آن مسلم انگاشته شده و به صورت گسترده ای به مثابه ی عارضه ی اجتناب ناپذیریا بعضی وقتها حتی تاثیر مطلوب یک رویداد اجتماعی ناگزیر پذیرفته شده است. هدف این مطالعه بررسی جنبه های تاثیر آزمون ورودی دانشگاه سراسری ایران (کنکور سراسری) بر زیست جهان دانش آموزانی است که در آستانه این آزمون هستند. بدین منظور تجزیه تحلیل با استفاده از تئوری اجتماعی هابرماس انجام شد. 349 دانش آموز سال چهارم از چهار استان زنجان، البرز، مازندران و شیراز در این مطالعه شرکت کردند. داده ها بر اساس پرسشنامه محقق ساخته و مصاحبه نیمه ساختاری و نیز مشاهده کلاسهای درس در دو سال متوالی گرد آوری شدند. تجزیه و تحلیل کمی و کیفی داده ها نشان داد که مشارکت کنندگان -که زیست جهان آنها توسط این آزمون به مثابه بخشی از سیستم، استثمار می شود- این آزمون را یک عمل اجتماعی ناگزیر می پندارند. از طرف دیگرفشار برای مسئولیت پذیری نتیجه محور که بر روی آزمون دهندگان وجود دارد منجر به ایجاد یک سری هنجارهای خاص می شود ابزارهای کنترلی سیستم را فراهم می کند، عقلانیت ابزاری را تقویت می کند و نظم اجتماعی مرتبط با خود را ایجاد می کند. کاربردهای این تحقیق برای آزمون سازی و آموزش زبان به بحث گذاشته شده است.
- چکیده انگلیسی: Testing has been so intrinsically bound to today’s modern life whose foregone consequences are often taken for granted and is accepted widely as unavoidable side effects or sometimes even desired effects of an inevitable social event. The aim of this study is to investigate the aspects of the impact of Iranian B.A. University Entrance Exam on the lifeworld of the students who are about to take it. To this end, the analysis was conducted using Habermas’s Social Theory. There were 349 fourth-grade students participating in the study from four different provinces including Zanjan, Alborz, Mazandaran and Shiraz. The data was gathered using a researcher-made questionnaire and a semi-structured interview with 10 students as well as classroom observation in two subsequent years qualitative and quantitative analyses of data revealed that the exam is regarded as an inevitable social practice by the participants whose life world is exploited and manipulated by the exam as a part of the system. The pressure for result-based accountability placed upon the test takers, on the other hand, leads to creation of some specific norms, provides system control tools, enhances instrumental rationality and establishes the social order of its own. The implications for language testing and teaching are discussed.
- انتشار مقاله: 14-09-1396
- نویسندگان: Alireza Ahmadi,Seyyed Abbas Mousavi
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: Categories and General Algebraic Structures with Applications
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: Cosheaves,quasi-cosheaves,site of plots,covering generating families,quasi-v{C}ech homology,diffeological spaces
- چکیده:
- چکیده انگلیسی: We define a notion of cosheaves on diffeological spaces by cosheaves on the site of plots. This provides a framework to describe diffeological objects such as internal tangent bundles, the Poincar'{e} groupoids, and furthermore, homology theories such as cubic homology in diffeology by the language of cosheaves. We show that every cosheaf on a diffeological space induces a cosheaf in terms of the D-topological structure. We also study quasi-cosheaves, defined by pre-cosheaves which respect the colimit over covering generating families, and prove that cosheaves are quasi-cosheaves. Finally, a so-called quasi-v{C}ech homology with values in pre-cosheaves is established for diffeological spaces.
- انتشار مقاله: 25-07-1397
- نویسندگان: Alireza Alireza Ahmadi,Akbar Dehghan Nezhad
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: Iran,Epidemiology,Carbon monoxide Poisoning
- چکیده:
- چکیده انگلیسی: Background: Knowing the pattern of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning in each region is vital for enhanced health planning. This study was designed to evaluate the epidemiologic pattern of unintentional acute CO poisoning in major cities of Fars province, southwest of Iran. Methods: This one-year cross-sectional study was carried out on unintentional CO poisoning incidents in Fars province, Iran, during the year 2011. The target population was people living in 7 major cities under supervision of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences including Shiraz, Eghlid, Neyriz, Khorambid, Marvdasht, Darab and Bavanat. Results: During 2011, 111 CO poisoning events occurred in the catchment area. These events involved 420 individuals (50.2% men) who were present during the poisoning event, of which 281 individuals with mean age of 27.8 ± 14.8 years were poisoned (46.5% men). The majority of CO poisoning events (77.3%) occurred in colder months of the year. Most events happened in urban areas (61.3%). The most common source of CO was water heater (27.5%) closely followed by gas stove (24.8%). The majority of poisoned patients were asleep during the event (150/281: 53.3%). The main causes of CO generation were inbound gas return (62.2%) and inappropriate ventilation (28.8%). The fatality rate of CO poisoning was significantly higher in men compared to women both in involved individuals and poisoned patients (P = 0.035, < 0.001; respectively). Moreover, poisoned victims who were asleep during the accident were more likely to die than those who were awake (14.3 vs. 3.7%, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Generally, the incidence and fatality rate of CO poisoning in the current study were comparable to those of the world statistics, but higher than in developed counties. Attention and emphasis on the safety of gas heaters, stoves, and other gas-powered appliances in residential places should be enforced.
- انتشار مقاله: 25-07-1394
- نویسندگان: Alireza Mirahmadizadeh,Hossain Faramarzi,Effat Hadizadeh,Mohsen Moghadami,Mozhgan Fardid,Ali Seifi
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: Applied Research on English Language
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: EFL,Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA),Frequency list,Idioms,Materials development
- چکیده:
- چکیده انگلیسی: As a fascinating and colorful part of English language, idioms highly affect fluency, but they are quite difficult to teach and learn, and they have often been neglected particularly in ESL/EFL settings. Considering the large number of English idioms, corpus linguistics can be of great benefit in prioritizing materials in language classrooms based on the frequency information. Accordingly, the present corpus-based study aimed at identifying the most frequent idioms in English language by analyzing the data coming from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), composed of more than 520 million words. The study involved writing a special script using Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) language which resulted in the development of five idiom lists, each containing 50 most frequently used idioms in each one of the five genres in COCA including academic, fiction, spoken, newspaper, and magazine along with their frequency of occurrences. Comparison was then made across the mentioned five genres. It was found that the spoken genre included more idioms whereas the academic genre was the least idiomatic. Furthermore, various levels of overlap was found among different genres. The least and the highest levels of overlap was found between the academic and fiction genres and between the magazine and newspaper genres respectively. The academic genre had more overlap with the newspaper and magazine genres. The findings can benefit EFL materials developers, teachers, and learners in recognizing and including frequently-used authentic idioms in language classrooms and textbooks.
- انتشار مقاله: 18-09-1397
- نویسندگان: Elaheh Rafatbakhsh,Alireza Ahmadi
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: Applied Research on English Language
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: Reading Comprehension,DIF,LR,IRT
- چکیده:
- چکیده انگلیسی: The present study aimed at investigating DIF sources on an EFL reading comprehension
test. Accordingly, 2 DIF detection methods, logistic regression (LR) and item response
theory (IRT), were used to flag emergent DIF of 203 (110 females & 93 males) Iranian
EFL examinees’ performance on a reading comprehension test. Seven hypothetical DIF
sources were examined in this regard: text familiarity, gender, topic/text interest, guessing,
and the social variables of location, income, and educational status. Only LR, for gender
and text familiarity, could preempt DIF with gender supporting the gendered-text effect
while text familiarity benefiting, inversely, the participants with low level of text
familiarity. For interest in topic, LR found a single item favoring the group with higher
levels of interest and the IRT model detected DIF in either extreme. Regarding guessing
and income, the LR indicated DIF supporting the low guessers and high-income group
whereas IRT, conversely, showed DIF favoring the high guessers and low-income group.
For location and education both methods, correspondingly, demonstrated DIF for the
expensive location and educated groups. Finally, the differential test functioning result
made it clear that only three sources of DIF (gender, income, & interests) were transferred
to the test level. The findings could support a proportional effect of DIF sources.- انتشار مقاله: 03-02-1393
- نویسندگان: Alireza Ahmadi,Touraj Jalili
- مشاهده