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کاربرد نوع شرط:
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: Journal of Environmental Studies
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: آموزش,توسعه پایدار,محیطزیست,اصفهان,مصرف آب
- چکیده: سواد آبی مفهومی جدید در پژوهشهای مرتبط با مدیریت تقاضای آب است که براوردی از دانش، نگرش و رفتار آبی جامعه ارائه میدهد. پژوهش حاضر به روش پیمایشی سطح سواد آبی شهروندان اصفهان را میسنجد و نقش متغیرهای مختلف را با استفاده از تحلیلهای آماری مورد ارزیابی قرار میدهد. جامعه آماری، افراد با سن بالای 20 سال است که 398 نفر به روش اتفاقی یا در دسترس بعنوان نمونه انتخاب شدهاند. نتایج نشان میدهد سواد آبی شهروندان اصفهان برابر 43.5 از 100 (متوسط) است که 1% با سواد بالا (نمره بیشتر از 66) و 10% با سواد کم (نمره کمتر از 33) هستند. در بین مولفههای سهگانه سواد آبی، امتیاز دانش و نگرش به ترتیب کمترین (34.1) و بیشترین (47.6) است. آزمون رگرسیون نشان میدهد مولفههای سهگانه سواد آبی مستقل هستند و بالاترین اثرگذاری بر سواد آبی را رفتار و سپس نگرش آبی دارد. همچنین تحلیلهای آماری نشان میدهد برخورداری از تحصیلات دانشگاهی، شغل ثابت، یا درامد بالا بر افزایش سواد آبی بصورت قابل ملاحظهای اثرگذار است و در مقایسه، مردان و افراد بالاتر از 40 سال از سواد آبی بیشتری برخوردارند. این موارد نشان میدهد سواد آبی و مولفههای موثر بر آن در جوامع شهری قابل ارزیابی هستند.
- چکیده انگلیسی: Introduction
In 1958, UNESCO announced the first definition of literacy. This definition evolved in 1978 and 2005, particularly when the “plurality of literacy” could expand its perspectives. Environmental literacy is an example in plural literacy. It is the main objective of environmental education based on sustainable development goals (SDGs). The objective of environmental education is to improve the awareness, incentives, commitment, and skills of citizens to rationally deal with environmental challenges. In a nutshell, environmental literacy is made of three main pillars of knowledge, attitude and behavior that should be learnt continuously and in long-term. Knowledge represents basic information learnt by education or experience. Attitude points to the sensitive or sensible perspectives about a subject. Hopes, frustrations and values can be included as attitude. Behavior is an index for rational actions carried out in specific conditions.
Water literacy can similarly include these three pillars (Figure 1). Water management and saving methods in urban societies should be educated for citizens, particularly in arid areas. Isfahan is a city with dramatic water scarcity. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the level of water literacy in this society. Therefore, this research calculates the water literacy of citizens living in Isfahan, with population more than 2 millions, based on field surveys and statistical analysis.
Figure 1. The three pillars of water literacy
Material and methods
This research used questionnaires and field surveys to collect the required data from citizens in Isfahan City. The population of the study consisted of all citizens of Isfahan having more than 20 years old. Therefore, the sample size based on Kukran formula was 384 citizens. Accordingly, the whole questionnaires were totally collected on 2020, in two forms of virtual (37%) and physical (63%). Here, a self-made questionnaire with 36 questions was used. These questions enquire about the knowledge, attitude, and behavior (each 12 questions) of citizens about water in urban areas. These questions consist of different topics in urban water management such as: water supplies, water scarcity, leakage and bursts, water cycle, water saving methods, water tariffs, virtual water, the treatment process, water quality and sanitation, personal hygiene or obsessions, actions during water switch-offs, dependability to tap water, their responses to water misuse, and etc.
It should be noted that questionnaires were developed by a two-step pre-test. The validity of the instrument was controlled by 4 experts of National Water and Wastewater Company (NWWC) and 3 professors in University of Isfahan. The reliability of questionnaire was measured by Cronbach's alpha as 0.73, 0.8 and 0.87 for water knowledge, attitude, and behavior, respectively.
Data analysis was carried out by the application of descriptive and inferential statistics by SPSS (version 23) and Minitab (version 19). Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) and Anderson-Darling (AD) were used to control the normality of results about water literacy. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare water literacy in different variables. The impacts of gender, age, education, employment, living property, and income status of respondents on water literacy were examined. In this test, the reliability of 95% confidence interval (P-value < 0.05) was set as the criterion. In addition, Pearson test was used for correlation, while path analysis used partial least squares (PLS) regression with standardized coefficient.
Results and discussion
The normality tests verified that water literacy follows a normal probability distribution function. The skewness and kurtosis of these data were 0.18 and 0.27, respectively and KS and AD were 0.074 (p < 0.05) and 1.5 (p < 0.05), respectively. The mean of water literacy was calculated as 43.5 (out of 100) with standard deviation of 9.5. Here, the first and third quartiles were 37.1 and 50, respectively. It verified that the majority of citizens (about 89%) in Isfahan had moderate water literacy having score between 33 and 66.
Among the three pillars of water literacy, surveys revealed that water knowledge could gain the lowest score (34.1), while attitude received the highest (47.6). Here the average score of behavior calculated as 43.9. It means that the citizens have little information about the basics of water but they have better understanding about its value and risks. This conclusion contradicts the results of previous studies in which knowledge was claimed as a prerequisite for good attitude or behavior in environmental literacy. It can be due to the fact that the life of people living in arid or semi arid area, like Isfahan, is very reliant on water. Therefore, the value, risks, and water saving methods may not necessarily dependent on the basic water knowledge. Path analysis with regression modeling also revealed that water literacy is mostly dependant on water behavior (β= 0.77) and attitude (β= 0.66) than basic knowledge (β= 0.57) as illustrated in Figure 2.
The comparative statistical analysis also demonstrated that variables such as gender, age, education, employment and income were effective on water literacy in the study area. Table 1 outlines the mean, standard deviation, and P-value of water literacy for each variable based on one-way T-test. It can be concluded that having a college education, a stable job, higher income, or age more than 40 may give citizens some personality or a character that presents responsibility to the citizens for water and can be reflected in attitude or behavior. In a traditional masculine society of Isfahan, being a man may also bring this kind of responsibility. Therefore, the intrinsic motivation for life and the responsibility of water saving can improve water literacy in a society. However, higher education seems to be the most influential variable according to the path analysis. In addition, it is realized that higher water literacy may reduce the satisfaction of citizens about the performance of water supply companies. It roots in higher education and consequently increases the expectations from water companies.
Figure 2: path analysis of water literacy and its variables
Table 1: comparative statistical analysis of water literacy in different variables
Variable Group Count Mean Std. deviation P-value (T-test)
Gender Man 204 44.72 8.98 0.004
Woman 194 41.91 9.45
Age < 40 286 42.82 9.52 0.042
> 40 112 45.19 8.30
Education College 222 42.56 9.89 0.000
School 176 39.99 7.16
Employment Employed 236 44.62 9.29 0.000
Unemployed 162 41.09 8.92
Income High 179 45.15 10.05 0.002
Low 219 42.13 8.57
Living property Owner 209 43.51 9.69 0.716
On rent 189 43.15 8.79
Conclusion
This research accounts the water literacy of citizens in a mega city in Iran based on basic knowledge, attitude and behavior. According to the results, it can be concluded that:
• Water literacy is moderate for the majority of citizens in Isfahan.
• Basic knowledge, attitude and behavior can independently enhance water literacy in which behavior and attitude are mostly influential.
• Having higher education, a stable job, higher income as well as being in the middle age (> 40 years old) can provide an opportunity for citizens to enhance their water literacy.
• People with higher water literacy showed less satisfaction about the performance of water companies. It implies that water literacy can be introduced as 1) an index for public water education programs, and 2) a motivation for upgrading the performance of water companies.- انتشار مقاله: 01-09-1399
- نویسندگان: شروین جمشیدی,حمید دهقانی
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: Journal of Environmental Studies
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: مدلسازی,کیفیت آب,تخلیه مجاز,حداکثر بار آلودگی,خودپالایی رودخانه
- چکیده: یک چالش برای تعیین حداکثر مجاز انتشار آلودگی رودخانه وجود نوسانات کمی و کیفی فصلی ناشی از فعالیتهای زراعی است. این پژوهش با استفاده از مدل Qual2k و شبیهسازی رودخانه تجن نشان میدهد چگونه میتوان حداکثر بار آلودگی و غلظت مجاز پارامترها، مولفه کلیدی پایش، میزان خودپالایی و تخصیص بهینه بار آلودگی را در شرایط نوسانات فصلی تعیین نمود. مطابق بررسیهای بعمل آمده و به منظور حفظ شرایط زیستی سالانه آبزیان، برآورد شد مجموعاً 4500 تن COD و 2500 تن نیتروژن کل ظرفیت نهایی بار آلودگی در دهانه رودخانه بوده و در این شرایط استاندارد غلظت مجاز پارامترهای COD، نیتروژن و فسفر کل در به ترتیب 9، 5 و 0.5 میلیگرم بر لیتر تعیین میگردد. همچنین میزان خودپالایی رودخانه در کاهش بار نیتروژن، فسفر و COD در مسیر جریان به ترتیب 6%، 9% و 50% برآورد شده که باعث میشود سهم آلودگی نقطه پایش از منابع آلاینده غیرنقطهای در مسیر رودخانه به نسبت مخزن بالادست برای انتشار ترکیبات نیتروژن و فسفر بیش از 80% و برای COD تنها 20% باشد. بنابراین برای بهسازی کیفی رودخانه توصیه میشود با مدیریت مزرعه و کاهش 45% بار آلودگی مواد مغذی از زهابهای کشاورزی، غلظت مجاز اکسیژن محلول برای حفظ آبزیان رعایت گردد.
- چکیده انگلیسی: Introduction
There are two approaches for water quality standardization and monitoring the pollution loads discharged into the water bodies, like rivers and estuaries. In the conventional system of command and control, the monitoring organization focuses on limiting the concentrations of physicochemical parameters of water, such as dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxidation demand (BOD), chemical oxidation demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP), total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and etc in the effluents of point-sources. This framework is easy for monitoring and penalizing, particularly for industrial and domestic polluters with continuous annual discharge flow. However, it has several shortcomings. The main weakness is the inflexibility of water quality standards regarding the environmental conditions of rivers, their self purification and vulnerability potential, and the seasonal variations of water quality and quantity of rivers. Besides, the conventional approach neglects controlling the discharges of non-point sources (NPS), including agricultural activities, as they may not be continuous or precise in location for sampling. These faults are introduced as a reason of pollution accumulation and Eutrophication in surface waters.
In the second approach termed as controlling ambient discharges, the water quality standards are determined in local scales regarding the environmental potential and conditions of rivers. Here, water quality monitoring is focused on the critical points in the river itself and limiting the pollution loads rather than concentrations in these stations. This approach in monitoring considers other issues like the self-purification potential of river, and the total pollution loads (TPL) discharged by both point and non-point sources upstream. However, there are some challenges that make this framework more complicated. 1) Finding a proper standardization and TPL in a multi-parameter framework, 2) waste load allocation (WLA) and fair sharing of penalties among polluters, and 3) uncertainties regarding the seasonal variations of emissions and the fluctuations in river water quality and quantity.
In this research, a methodology is introduced regarding the ambient discharge framework to calculate an optimal multi-parameter WLA among emission sources. This intends to determine an allowable TPL in a river with high seasonal variations and challenges in the aquatic life. For this purpose, we chose Tajan River in northern Iran as the study area. This river has 51 km length with annual average water volume of 15 million m3. It ends to the Caspian Sea where the estuary currently encounters DO deficiency in some seasons and endangers the aquatic life. This may be due to the pollutions discharged from point and non-point sources, including paddy fields, pulp and paper industry and municipal effluents of Sari city with the rural areas upstream.
Methodology
In order to find a proper WLA and TPL, a simulation is carried out on Tajan River with 18 reaches by Qual2kw software with 100 times iteration for calibration. This simulation includes two steps. In the farming season (FS) of the study area, more than 5 m3/s of water is allocated for paddy fields that reduces one third of river overall flow at headwater. This lessens the remediation potential of river for diluting pollutions discharged particularly the nutrients concentrations exist in the drainage of NPS. Conversely, in non-farming seasons (NFS), DO profile and base-flow of river increases and environmental pollution limits to the point sources. Therefore, simulation is calibrated with respect to the sampling results in the first scenario of FS and later validated by other data in NFS.
Regarding the fitness function and auto-calibration based on the genetic algorithm, the simulated model with 100 iterations presented 71% accuracy. For that, the water quality data sampled from three stations between 2014 and 2015 in the upper, middle and lower lands of river are used.
Results
Figure 1 illustrates DO deficiency of river in two periods. It is obvious that in FS, DO deficiency exceeds 2.5 mg/L (for a DO saturation of 8.5 mg/L) that endangers aquatic life in the last 15 km of river to the terminus point but this is rather normal in NFS. Besides, in FS the concentrations of nutrients like TN and TP respectively increases more than 5 and 1.5 folds in comparison with NFS. It should be noted that about 40% of TN is made of TKN in FS that shows two points. First, chemical fertilizers are the main pollution origins of NPS discharges, and second, it may devour considerable amount of DO in the nitrification process. Therefore, NPS like agricultural activities are introduced as the main reason of seasonal pollutions. In addition, both nutrients and carbonaceous compounds are highlighted as influential parameters on DO reduction. Therefore, DO is assumed as the key factor in multi-parameter WLA and decision-making. Here, it is assumed that 5 mg/L should be met as the minimum limit of DO throughout a year even in the most polluted periods FS, while 6 mg/L must be met annually in average.
The sensitivity analysis on the origins of pollutions showed that the self purification potential of river for nutrients reduction will not exceed 10%, but it easily reaches 50% for carbonaceous organic loads. This result adds up the significance of NPS pollution control in decision-making for WLA in river. Therefore, regarding the simulated pollution loads of the terminus point in FS and NFS, the annual TPL in WLA is determined in a way that DO profile responds to the assumed limits. As shown in Table 1, the maximum allowable loads of TN and COD are respectively considered 2500 tons/yr and 4500 tons/yr. TPL for other parameters like TKN, nitrate, and TP are respectively 500, 2000, and 250 tons/yr.
By these limits, the local concentrations of pollutants can be set as the standard level for better monitoring. For TN, TP and COD the recommended monitoring concentrations are 5, 0.5 and 9 mg/L, respectively. By these conditions, it is expected that DO remains on the assumed standard level as shown in Figure 2. Here, WLA is set on 45% removal of pollutions discharged by NPS. This value may reduce 34% of TN, 46% of TP and 14% of COD at the terminus point.
Conclusion
In this research a method in introduced with respect to the ambient-based framework for water quality monitoring to find TPL and consequently the annual average concentrations of main water quality parameters. In the case of Tajan River, it is realized that the estuary is highly sensitive to the seasonal variations of water quality and quantity. The main source of these variations is marked as the agricultural activities of paddy fields that recommended to be mainly focused for multi-parameter WLA and decision-making. For this purpose, it is also recommended that DO is selected as the key controlling index because it reflects the effects of both carbonaceous and nitrogenous compounds and is crucial for the aquatic life. Finally, with respect to the self purification potential of river, TPL and WLA are determined. This approach can be similarly used in other cases to find local standards for water quality monitoring.- انتشار مقاله: 11-06-1397
- نویسندگان: منوچهر حیدرپور,شروین جمشیدی
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: مجله آب و فاضلاب
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: فاضلاب,گیاهپالایی,مواد مغذی,علف وتیور
- چکیده: هدف از این پژوهش، امکانسنجی رشد گونه گیاهی وتیور بهصورت هیدروپونیک در محیط پساب و ارزیابی میزان حذف و پالایش ترکیبات مغذی (نیتروژن و فسفر) در این شرایط بود. به این منظور، پایلوتی با حجم مفید 60 لیتر ساخته شد و بهمدت سه ماه بهطور هفتگی و ناپیوسته از پساب خروجی تصفیهخانه فاضلاب شهرک غرب تهران تغذیه شد. نتایج حاصل نشان داد که گیاه وتیور میتواند در این شرایط، رشد قابل ملاحظهای (تا 130 سانتیمتر) داشته باشد. همچنین بهطور متوسط کارآمدی حذف ترکیبات نیتروژن کل، فسفر کل و میزان اکسیژنخواهی بیوشیمیایی در زمان ماند 4 روزه بهترتیب 91، 97 و 75 درصد بود. در صورت استفاده از وتیور بهعنوان واحد تصفیه تکمیلی، زمان ماند باید حداقل 48 ساعت باشد زیرا ترکیبات آمونیوم، نیتریت و فسفات که عوامل محدودکننده استانداردهای تخلیه پساب و استفاده مجدد از آنها هستند، در این مدت با کارایی بیش از 95 درصد حذف میشوند. در این دوره مطالعاتی، میزان جذب نیتروژن و فسفر کل در برگها بهترتیب 17 و 3/2 میلیگرم در گرم وزن خشک و در ریشههای گیاه بهترتیب 13 و 8/1 میلیگرم در گرم وزن خشک بود.
- چکیده انگلیسی: The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth of Vetiveria zizanioides under hydroponic conditions and its efficiency in removing nitrogen and phosphorus compounds from wastewaters. For this purpose, a pilot plant was constructed with a net volume of 60 liters which was intermittently fed for three months with the effluent from a domestic wastewater treatment plant. It was found that Vetiver exhibited a significant capability for living in polluted waters under hydroponic condition as evidenced by the growth of its leaves to 130 cm. Moreover, the average values of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and biochemical oxidation demand (BOD) removal efficiencies over four days of retention time were 91%, 97%, and 75%, respectively. If used as a tertiary treatment unit, the plant needs a minimum retention time of two days to allow adequate time for the removal of such vital compounds as Ammonia and Phosphate by 95%, which is the typical standard limit for wastewater reuse or free discharge. Finally, it was observed that the total values of nitrogen and phosphorus absorbed in the leaves were 17 and 2.3 (mg/gr dry weight) while the same elements absorbed in the roots were measured as 13 and 1.8 (mg/gr dry weight), respectively.
- انتشار مقاله: 01-07-1392
- نویسندگان: عباس اکبرزاده,مریم وخشوری,شروین جمشیدی,مرتضی خالصی دوست
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: فصلنامه علمی امنیت ملی
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: الگو,تاب آوری,مدیریت بحران,جوامع
- چکیده: با توجه به ماهیت چندوجهی و پیچیدگی مفهوم تاب آوری، در اکثر مطالعات مدیریت بحران اجتماعات تاب آور، بدلیل عدم ملاحظات مفهومی که پایه سنجش تاب آوری می باشد، نتایج قابل قبولی مشاهده نمی گردد. لذا این تحقیق با هدف تمرکز بر مبانی مفهومی، در تلاش برای یافتن الگوی غنی در مدیریت بحران جوامع می باشد.
در این راستا، در تحقیق پیش رو، ضمن مرور منابع مختلف، تعداد 80 پیشینه منتخب در بازه زمانی 47 ساله با بهره گیری از شبکه تحلیل مضمون، طبقه بندی و بررسی شد و پس از تعیین مضامین فراگیر، تجزیه و تحلیل آماری در راستای اهداف تحقیق در محتوای پیشینه ها صورت گرفت.
مطابق یافته ها، مضامین «ثبات، پاسخ، بازیابی، کاردانی، افزونگی، خطرپذیری و سازگاری» به عنوان مضامین فراگیر در جوامع تاب آور تعیین وضمن تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها و نیز بررسی میزان استفاده از هرمضمون در پیشینه ها، فراوانی مضامین ثبات و سازگاری، با بیشترین تکرار در محتوای مطالعات تعیین شد. سپس جایگاه هرمضمون در مراحل مختلف مدیریت بحران شامل قبل از وقوع، حین وقوع و پس از وقوع و نیز حالات مختلف عملکرد تاب آورانه شامل شرایط عادی، اضطراری و انتقالی تبیین و ترسیم گردید.
درنهایت مشخص شد، علیرغم افتراق مضامین مستخرج از این تحقیق با محتوای هرکدام از پیشینه ها به دلیل نقص در مفاهیم آنها، این رویکرد با تلفیق دیدگاه های صاحب نظران مطالعات انطباق داشته و به دلیل غنی بودن و جامعیت در مبانی، الگوی مناسبی برای سنجش تاب آوری در مدیریت بحران جوامع می باشد.- چکیده انگلیسی: Due to the multifaceted nature and complexity of the concept of resilience, in most studies of resilient communities, due to the lack of conceptual considerations that are the basis for measuring resilience, acceptable results are not observed. Therefore, this study aims to focus on conceptual foundations, trying to find a rich pattern in crisis management of communities.
In the present study, while reviewing various sources, 80 selected records in the 47-year period were classified and reviewed using Thematic Analysis network, and after determining the Global Themes, statistical analysis has been done on the content of the research backgrounds.
According to the findings, the themes of "Robustness, Response, Recovery, Resourcefulness, Redundancy, Risk and Adaptability" as Global Themes determine and analyze data and also examine the use of each theme in the background. So, the frequency of Robustness and Adaptability was determined with the highest repetition in the content of the studies. Then, the position of each topic in different stages of crisis management, including before, during and after the occurrence, as well as different situations of resilient performance, including normal, emergency and transitive conditions, were explained and outlined.
Finally, it was found that despite the differences between the themes of this study and the content of each background due to defects in their concepts, this approach has been adapted by combining the views of experts in studies, and due to its richness and comprehensiveness in the basics, it is a appropriate pattern for measuring resilience in crisis management in communities.- انتشار مقاله: 28-01-1399
- نویسندگان: سعید بشیری,بهرام بیات,شروین جمشیدی,رضا صالح زاده
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: علوم و مهندسی آب و فاضلاب
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: مطالعات تطبیقی,شبکه توزیع آب,اسکادا,زیرساخت هوشمند,مدل اسپایرال
- چکیده: شبکه توزیع آب یکی از زیرساختهای ششگانه در شهرهای هوشمند است که میتواند بهصورت مستقل یا هماهنگ با سایر زیرساختها مدیریت و بهرهبرداری شود. پژوهش حاضر با انجام مطالعات تطبیقی و بررسی رویکردها و تجربیات بینالمللی و مقایسه آن با شرایط کنونی در کشور نشان میدهد که اولاً شبکه هوشمند توزیع آب شهری نسبت به روشهای اسکادا از تفاوت قابلملاحظهای برخوردار است و میتواند ضمن کاهش تلفات آب، زمان عکسالعمل به وقایع بهرهبرداری را کاهش دهد. بهعلاوه این رویکرد میتواند موجب ارتقای بهرهوری سیستم و کیفیت آب، بهبود مدیریت تجهیزات، افزایش درآمد شرکتهای آب و فاضلاب و در بلندمدت موجب افزایش آگاهیهای عمومی برای کاهش سرانه مصرف و افزایش رضایتمندی مشترکین شود. ثانیاً این مطالعه تأکید دارد که ارتقای شبکه توزیع آب به سامانههای هوشمند موضوعی چندوجهی (فنی، بهرهبرداری، اجتماعی) است و لازم است مطابق مدل مفهومی اسپایرال، چندین مرحله بهصورت متوالی انجام شود تا بتوان ادعا نمود شبکه توزیع آب هوشمند شده است. این مدل مفهومی بهصورت یک نقشه راه، متدولوژی ارتقای سامانههای اسکادا به هوشمند را تبیین نموده و ضمن مرحلهبندی اقدامات، فرآیند را در راستای مدیریت توأمان عرضه و تقاضای آب شهری بهصورت کوتاهمدت و بلندمدت هدفگذاری میکند. همچنین، روش پیشنهادی تأکید دارد که سامانه سختافزاری-نرمافزاری ابتدا باید تحت شرایط کنترل شده برای سناریوهای مختلف واسنجی شده و پس از چندمرحله مطالعات پایلوت توسعه داده شود.
- چکیده انگلیسی: Water Distribution Networks (WDN) are amongst the six pillars of smart urban infrastructures which can be managed without or in connection with other smart grids. This research uses an adaptive study to review and compare the approaches and international experiences of smart WDNs. The comparative results initially verify that smart WDN can relatively reduce bursts, leakage, and the reaction time required for operation in comparison with SCADA. In addition, it improves asset management, social awareness about water consumption, the satisfaction of users, water quality, and the revenues of water companies. This study also outlines that smart WDN is a multidisciplinary issue and requires consecutive steps for implementation as described in the Spiral model. This conceptual model is more like a roadmap. It introduces a methodology for upgrading SCADA to smart WDNs and illuminates practical steps, in addition to the short and long term scopes, toward integrated supply and demand management of urban water. Here, the proposed methodology emphasizes pilot studies in different scales and conditions for the validation of integrated software-hardware system prior to any practice.
- انتشار مقاله: 26-11-1398
- نویسندگان: شروین جمشیدی,شروین جمشیدی,شروین جمشیدی,شروین جمشیدی
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: علوم و مهندسی آب و فاضلاب
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: مطالعات تطبیقی,شبکه توزیع آب,اسکادا,زیرساخت هوشمند,مدل اسپایرال
- چکیده: شبکه توزیع آب یکی از زیرساختهای ششگانه در شهرهای هوشمند است که میتواند بهصورت مستقل یا هماهنگ با سایر زیرساختها مدیریت و بهرهبرداری شود. پژوهش حاضر با انجام مطالعات تطبیقی و بررسی رویکردها و تجربیات بینالمللی و مقایسه آن با شرایط کنونی در کشور نشان میدهد که اولاً شبکه هوشمند توزیع آب شهری نسبت به روشهای اسکادا از تفاوت قابلملاحظهای برخوردار است و میتواند ضمن کاهش تلفات آب، زمان عکسالعمل به وقایع بهرهبرداری را کاهش دهد. بهعلاوه این رویکرد میتواند موجب ارتقای بهرهوری سیستم و کیفیت آب، بهبود مدیریت تجهیزات، افزایش درآمد شرکتهای آب و فاضلاب و در بلندمدت موجب افزایش آگاهیهای عمومی برای کاهش سرانه مصرف و افزایش رضایتمندی مشترکین شود. ثانیاً این مطالعه تأکید دارد که ارتقای شبکه توزیع آب به سامانههای هوشمند موضوعی چندوجهی (فنی، بهرهبرداری، اجتماعی) است و لازم است مطابق مدل مفهومی اسپایرال، چندین مرحله بهصورت متوالی انجام شود تا بتوان ادعا نمود شبکه توزیع آب هوشمند شده است. این مدل مفهومی بهصورت یک نقشه راه، متدولوژی ارتقای سامانههای اسکادا به هوشمند را تبیین نموده و ضمن مرحلهبندی اقدامات، فرآیند را در راستای مدیریت توأمان عرضه و تقاضای آب شهری بهصورت کوتاهمدت و بلندمدت هدفگذاری میکند. همچنین، روش پیشنهادی تأکید دارد که سامانه سختافزاری-نرمافزاری ابتدا باید تحت شرایط کنترل شده برای سناریوهای مختلف واسنجی شده و پس از چندمرحله مطالعات پایلوت توسعه داده شود.
- چکیده انگلیسی: Water Distribution Networks (WDN) are amongst the six pillars of smart urban infrastructures which can be managed without or in connection with other smart grids. This research uses an adaptive study to review and compare the approaches and international experiences of smart WDNs. The comparative results initially verify that smart WDN can relatively reduce bursts, leakage, and the reaction time required for operation in comparison with SCADA. In addition, it improves asset management, social awareness about water consumption, the satisfaction of users, water quality, and the revenues of water companies. This study also outlines that smart WDN is a multidisciplinary issue and requires consecutive steps for implementation as described in the Spiral model. This conceptual model is more like a roadmap. It introduces a methodology for upgrading SCADA to smart WDNs and illuminates practical steps, in addition to the short and long term scopes, toward integrated supply and demand management of urban water. Here, the proposed methodology emphasizes pilot studies in different scales and conditions for the validation of integrated software-hardware system prior to any practice.
- انتشار مقاله: 26-11-1398
- نویسندگان: شروین جمشیدی,شروین جمشیدی,شروین جمشیدی,شروین جمشیدی
- مشاهده