در هنگام جستجو کلمه در قسمت عنوان میتوانید کلمات مورد جستجو را با کاراکتر (-) جدا کنید.
کاربرد نوع شرط:
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: Journal of Environmental Studies
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: تاب آوری,منظر شهری,اکولوژی منظر,شبکه اکولوژیک
- چکیده: اکوسیستمهای شهری در طی گذشت زمان و درنتیجه برهمکنشی پویا میان فرآیندهای اجتماعی-اقتصادی و بیوفیزیکی رشد و تکامل یافته و تاب آوری اکولوژیکی اکوسیستم شهری تحت تاثیر چنین برهمکنشهایی قرار دارد. در نواحی شهری، تغییرات اعمال شده در بستر طبیعی موجب اختلال در عملکردهای بیوفیزیکی شده و کاهش تاب آوری سیستم را بدنبال دارد. تقویت شبکههای اکولوژیک شهری بر پایه اصول اکولوژی منظر، عاملی در جهت حفظ فرآیندهای طبیعی و عملکردهای بیوفیزیکی در شهر محسوب شده و با ایجاد تعادل میان خدمات انسانی و اکوسیستمی، منجر به ارتقاء تاب آوری سیستم در مقابل فشارهای زیست محیطی میگردد. هدف مقاله حاضر، تبیین جایگاه و اهمیت توجه به شبکه اکولوژیک شهر در برنامههای توسعه شهری در راستای دستیابی به تاب آوری اکولوژیکی است. در این راستا با بهرهگیری از عکسهای هوایی و تصاویر ماهوارهای شهر مشهد به عنوان نمونه موردی، عناصر شبکه اکولوژیک استخراج و روند تغییرات آنها در طی یک دوره 60 ساله و تأثیرات آنها بر تاب آوری اکولوژیکی تبیین شده است. با شناسایی ارزشهای اکولوژیک حفظ شده و مدفون شدهی این شهر در طی فرآیند رشد و توسعهی آن، راهکارهای پیشنهادی به منظور بهبود ساختار اکولوژیک شهر مشهد ارائه گریده و میتواند نمونهای برای برنامهریزی شبکههای اکولوژیک، محسوب گردد.
- چکیده انگلیسی: Introduction
Today, according to an urban ecological network is considered as an approach to enhance the ecological values of urbanizing areas. Indeed, the concept of urban ecological network in relation to overcoming the natural environment and its fragmentation due to the human environment development appeared. This concept as a suggestion to protect the ecological elements of the urban structure in response to the disruption and destruction of its components was proposed. Ecological network structure based on the principles of landscape ecology include a combination of the landscape basic elements such as patches, corridors and matrix. These elements in urban areas consist of natural and artificial ecological layers so that the adjustment and how these layers adopt with each other are very important. Supporting the urban ecological networks is a factor to protect natural processes and biophysical functions in the cities, and promotes the system capability to cope with environmental pressures by balancing human and ecosystem services.
In addition, maintaining the natural context and biodiversity in cities in order to create a connection with nature due to the environmental degradation and disruption of the urban ecological foundation, requires integration of ecology knowledge with the process of urban planning and design. The emergence of ecology as a distinct discipline has occurred in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century in Europe and North America. According to the evolution of urban ecological science and based on recent approaches, cities are presented as social-ecological systems that the resilience of these systems are affected by both socio-economic and biophysical patterns and functions. In fact, creation and restoration of the ecological network in the cities are considered as the practical application of urban ecology science in urban planning and design. This action is an important step toward achieving the goals such as maintaining natural context in urbanizing area, consolidating the relation between city and nature, and increasing urban ecological resilience.
Side effects of unplanned urban developments are visible in Mashhad as a second most populous city in Iran. The elimination of greenways, fragmentation of gardens and green areas, burial of the natural streams and urban air pollution increment have all led to crippling natural systems, descend the quality of life and consequently decreased the ecological resilience of this city. With regard to the above issues, illustrating the position and importance of attention to urban ecological networks in urban development plans towards achieving ecological resilience is the main purpose of this research.
Materials & Methods
The research method of this paper is a mixed method and both qualitative and quantitative methods for gathering and analyzing data are used according to different parts of the paper. Output data like qualitative maps and quantitative tables are created using ArcGIS 10.2 software. Period 1956 up to 2015 is selected in order to investigate the evolution of ecological structure components of Mashhad city in its development processes and analyzes the impact of these changes on the ecological resilience of the city. Based on Forman mosaic model, the ecological structure of the Mashhad city according to the spatial distribution of patches, corridors and matrix in 60 years period and times of 1956, 1987 and 2015 is analyzed and its quantitative and qualitative changes are studied. In order to extract the structural elements of the ecological network in the three listed times, the satellite images of Landsat OLI/8 [15 August 2015], Landsat TM/5 [20 July 1987], historical aerial photos of the years 1956 and 1987 for the study area of Mashhad and historical documents are used.
The pre-processing of the satellite image to extract data mainly includes radiance calibration and atmospheric correction is done. The aerial photos of the years 1956 and 1987 are georeferenced and image mosaics are integrated using ArcGIS. Natural and man-made layers including hydrological maps, green space and accessibility network as the components of the ecological structure are identified by using aerial and satellite images and also historical documents. These layers along with other land cover classes such as arid lands, highlands and built areas are mapped in ArcGIS as classified shape files. Finally, the GIS maps of the Mashhad city in the three mentioned times are created, and qualitative and quantitative comparing of the components of the ecological structure through maps, statistic data and attribute tables are provided.
Discussion of Results
In accordance with the above description, the components of ecological networks based on the patch-corridor-matrix model as classified layers are extracted to determine the situation of ecological networks in Mashhad city. These layers are overlaid to analysis the ecological structure and urban function.
- Natural and built green patches layer have an important role in an urban ecological structure which effect directly on the ecological activities of the city.
- Hydrological network layer as the most important natural and built ecological corridors of urban landscape includes surface and subsurface streams.
- Accessibility network layer as built ecological corridors in urban fabric includes main roads which connect the ecological patches in dense urban areas.
Finally, the ecological structure of the Mashhad city in each considered period are created as union map by integration of natural and man-made layers above-mentioned.
The Survey of the aerial photos and satellite images of the Mashhad city in the three periods and comparison of the quantities data obtained from the shape files of land cover layers as well as analysis the overlaying maps of these layers with GIS software techniques shows that about 1743 hectares of agricultural lands and about 630 hectares of green spaces in the year 1956 have been changed to built areas in the processes of urban development. Moreover, 2478 hectare of agricultural lands and about 513 hectares of green spaces in the year 1987 have been destroyed. The investigation of the water corridors during the 60 years of evolution shows their structural and functional changes. Mashhad city physical development was led to enclosure, blockage, redirection or removal of some of the corridors.
Conclusion
In this paper based on landscape ecology principles, the position and importance of urban ecological networks in urban development plans towards enhancing urban ecological resilience are discussed. Investigation the evolution and changes of the ecological networks during the 60 years period in the Mashhad city indicates that about 2373 hectares of green and agricultural lands in the year 1956, as well as 2991 hectares of these lands in the year 1987, were destroyed in the processes of urban development so that there is no trace of them in the ecological network in the year 2015. Thus, more than 5300 hectares of green patches were destroyed while these areas should be preserved for main reasons such as preventing the formation of urban heat islands, contributing to the penetration of runoff into underground aquifers in order to maintain natural water cycle, prevention of climate change and natural air filtration. As a result, the ecological resilience of Mashhad city has been decreased in the face of environmental hazards like climate change, air pollution, Drought and flood. Today, in this city the most important ecological elements of the past are streams and water corridors which are considered as a key factor to preserve nature in the Mashhad urban landscape. By recognizing and revitalizing these corridors that strengthen the ecological values of the city and link the open and green spaces to each other, the ecological structure of the city can be increased. The loss of network integrity, disruption of the network elements connection, negligence in maintaining the ecological corridors, unbalance distribution of natural elements and low ecological quality of patches and corridors are the main problems related to Mashhad ecological network. Finally, the corresponding strategies to these important problems are proposed by considering the different methods of intervention.- انتشار مقاله: 30-07-1396
- نویسندگان: سپیده موحد,منوچهر طبیبیان
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: علوم و تکنولوژی محیطزیست
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: اکولوژی,بوم شناسی شهری,برنامه ریزی زیست بوم محور,شبکه اکولوژیک
- چکیده: حفظ بستر طبیعی و تنوع زیستی شهر جهت ایجاد ارتباط با طبیعت و ارتقاء کیفیت زندگی در شهر با توجه به افت کیفیت محیط زیست و از همگسیختگی بنیانهای اکولوژیک شهری، نیازمند یکپارچهسازی دانش بومشناسی با فرآیند برنامهریزی و توسعه شهری است. هدف تحقیق، تبیین نظری رویکرد جدید بوم شناسی شهری از طریق بررسی سیر تحول مفهوم بومشناسی و ریشههای شکلگیری دانش بومشناسی شهری است. همچنین این مقاله درصدد پاسخ دادن به این پرسش است که چگونه با بکارگیری بوم شناسی شهری به عنوان رویکردی نو در فرآیند برنامهریزی و توسعهی شهرها، می-توان فرصتهایی را برای ایجاد پیوند میان نظام اکولوژیک با محیطهای شهری و فعالیتهای انسانی پدید آورد.
تحقیق حاضر از لحاظ روش با اتکا به شیوههای توصیفی و تحلیلی انجام گرفته و تلاش شده است که با انجام مطالعات کتابخانهای و تحلیل نگرشهای مرتبط با بومشناسی شهری و مباحث مربوطه در برنامهریزی و طراحی شهری، بتوان به ریشههای نظری موضوع و نحوهی بکارگیری آن در علوم شهری از جمله شهرسازی با بررسی مصادیق کاربردی آن پیبرد.
با توجه به یافتههای پژوهش، بومشناسی شهری به عنوان رویکردی نوین در شهرسازی امروزه از جایگاه مناسبی برخوردار شده است. بازیابی شبکههای اکولوژیک شهری و طراحی و برنامهریزی زیستبوم محور از مصادیق کاربردی دانش بومشناسی شهری در سطوح مختلف محسوب میشوند و از این طریق متخصصان توانستهاند در جهت تقویت محیط طبیعی و ایجاد الگوهای توسعه مبتنی برحفظ ارزشهای اکولوژیکی شهر، گامهای روبه جلویی بردارند.
نتایج نشان میدهد، کاربرد دانش بومشناسی شهری در برنامهریزی و طراحی شهرها در قالب راهبردی نظری و عملی، بایستی به عنوان یک اولویت ملی جهت دستیابی به شهرهای پایدار و تابآور مد نظر قرار گیرد. دستیابی به این امر مستلزم کارگروهی میان متخصصان مختلف، حمایت از برنامههای آموزشی و ایجاد تغییر در نحوهی ارتباط میان سیاستگذاران و متخصصان میباشد.- چکیده انگلیسی: Nowadays, development of cities resulting from increasing urbanization has reduced the quality of the environment and disruption of ecological foundations. Preserving the natural environment and biodiversity in city in order to have relation with nature and improve the quality of life requires integration of ecology knowledge with urban development and planning process. The purpose of this research is theoretical explanation of new approach to urban ecology, its evolution and roots of shaping urban ecology science. In addition, this article tries to respond to the question that how we can create link between ecological system with urban environments and human activities by using urban ecology as a new approach in the process of urban planning.
This study was conducted by descriptive and analytical methods. It attempted to study the theoretical roots of urban ecology and the way to use it in urban sciences such as urbanization through investigation of its applied applications by doing library studies, analysis of attitudes related to urban ecology and topics related to urban development and planning.
According to the findings, urban ecology has proper place as a new approach in today urbanization, so that the recovery of urban ecological networks as well as Ecological planning and design are considered as practical examples of urban ecology knowledge at different levels. Using this method, experts have been able to take steps toward enhance the natural environment and create urban models based on maintaining the ecological values of the cities.
The results suggest that the use of urban ecology science as a theoretical and practical strategy in planning and design of cities, must be a national priority in order to achieve sustainable and resilient cities. Achieving this goal requires teamwork between various experts, support of educational programs and changing in the way of communications between policy makers and experts.- انتشار مقاله: 11-08-1394
- نویسندگان: سپیده موحد,منوچهر طبیبیان
- مشاهده
- جایگاه : پژوهشی
- مجله: هویت شهر
- نوع مقاله: Journal Article
- کلمات کلیدی: اکوپارک,توسعه پایدار,تفرج,محیطزیست
- چکیده: اکوپارک فضایی تفریحی است که هدف از طراحی آن علاوه بر حمایت از محیطزیست، خلق مکان تحقیقاتی بهمنظور بالا بردن دانش محیطزیستی افراد است. با توجه به روند توسعه کشور و مشکلات محیطزیستى موجود و تأثیرات ازدیاد و رشد پرشتاب جمعیت و در پى آن افزایش مصرف و تولید زبالههای خانگى و صنعتى، ضرورت طراحى و اجراى اکوپارک اجتنابناپذیر است.
از نخستین الزامات در طراحی اکوپارک، معیارهایی است که اینگونه پارکها را از سایر پارکها متمایز میسازد. در این بحث با اتکا به روشهای توصیفی- تحلیلی و با انجام مطالعات کتابخانهای و روش تحلیل محتوای متن، فرآیند دستیابی به این معیارها از طریق تحلیل نمونههای موردی موفق و بررسی دیدگاه نظریهپردازان در ارتباط با ویژگیهای اکوپارک ارائه گردیده است. درنهایت جمعبندی در رابطه با معیارهای طراحی در چهاراصل پایداری محیط زیستی، پایداری اجتماعی– اقتصادی، ارتقاء سطح فرهنگی و آموزشی و پایداری کالبدی و طراحی اکولوژیکی ارائهشده است.- چکیده انگلیسی: Eco-park is a recreational space which apart from protecting the environment, aims to create a research setting to raise environmental knowledge. Due to the current urban development in Iran and the existing environmental problems along with the ongoing rapid population growth, its impacts, and consequently the increasing amount of consumption, waste disposal and different household and industrial sewage, design and development of eco-parks seem inevitable. Bearing in mind that in the New Urbanism, impacts of green spaces, in the form of eco-park complexes, are current in various ecological, social, economical and psychological aspects. Among the most significant ecological impacts of urban gardens and parks, we can point to the reduction of various environmental pollutions, purification and refinement of the air, soil erosion prevention, reducing the adverse weather impacts, and sustainable urban ecological development. Among their socioeconomic impacts, perfect potential of eco-parks can be outlined in attracting tourists, as they provide recreational opportunities leading to increased social interactions which triggers social and economical dynamics as well. Hence, relying on existing capabilities and beneficial varied applications of eco-parks, the establishment of such recreational-ecological urban spaces, is essential in achieving and further advancing sustainable development.
The overall objective of this paper is to enhance the urban environmental conditions in order to promote environmental sustainability through eco-park design and connecting the built environment with the existing natural virgin lands in the city. In this way, a suitable condition can be introduced as the scientific-economic support for education and developing environmental culture. The present study is an applicant form that is performed by focusing on descriptive–analytical method. In the theoretical foundations part, the library investigation with analyzing the context of text are used. Finally the criteria of the analysis are presented in this study.
Among the primary requirements of eco-park design, the indicators, measures and criteria are taken into account which distinguish eco-parks from other types of parks and green spaces. In this research, the process of achieving these criteria through study of related theorists’ approaches and analysis of successful case studies is demonstrated. Furthermore, by identifying and understanding characteristics of eco-park, their aims and objectives, as well as their application, whether from local or international theorists’ points of view and in presented projects, the basic structure of this particular type of theme park which ensures their ultimate success and performance, is identified. Finally, regarding the studies and analysis carried out, the conclusion which is about the most significant eco-park design criteria is presented. These criteria are in accordance with the four main principles of environmental sustainability, socioeconomic sustainability, cultural sustainability and Physical sustainability and ecological design; representing the most important eco-park design principles. Use of renewable energy in the design, support from native outputs and products in order to achieve economic stability and growth, trying to improve private and public knowledge in the field of natural and environmental issues and design in accordance with the Nature (organic design), are the most important criteria in each of the principles which have been described above.- انتشار مقاله: 15-06-1393
- نویسندگان: سپیده موحد,حسنعلی لقایی,فرح حبیب
- مشاهده