چکیده:
اکوسیستم‌های شهری در طی گذشت زمان و درنتیجه برهمکنشی پویا میان فرآیندهای اجتماعی-اقتصادی و بیوفیزیکی رشد و تکامل یافته و تاب آوری اکولوژیکی اکوسیستم شهری تحت تاثیر چنین برهمکنش‌هایی قرار دارد. در نواحی شهری، تغییرات اعمال شده در بستر طبیعی موجب اختلال در عملکردهای بیوفیزیکی شده و کاهش تاب آوری سیستم را بدنبال دارد. تقویت شبکه‌های اکولوژیک شهری بر پایه اصول اکولوژی منظر، عاملی در جهت حفظ فرآیندهای طبیعی و عملکردهای بیوفیزیکی در شهر محسوب شده و با ایجاد تعادل میان خدمات انسانی و اکوسیستمی، منجر به ارتقاء تاب آوری سیستم در مقابل فشارهای زیست محیطی می‌گردد. هدف مقاله حاضر، تبیین جایگاه و اهمیت توجه به شبکه اکولوژیک شهر در برنامه‌های توسعه شهری در راستای دستیابی به تاب آوری اکولوژیکی است. در این راستا با بهره‌گیری از عکس‌های هوایی و تصاویر ماهواره‌ای شهر مشهد به عنوان نمونه موردی، عناصر شبکه اکولوژیک استخراج و روند تغییرات آن‌ها در طی یک دوره 60 ساله و تأثیرات آن‌ها بر تاب آوری اکولوژیکی تبیین شده است. با شناسایی ارزش‌های اکولوژیک حفظ شده و مدفون شده‌ی این شهر در طی فرآیند رشد و توسعه‌ی آن، راهکارهای پیشنهادی به منظور بهبود ساختار اکولوژیک شهر مشهد ارائه گریده و می‌تواند نمونه‌ای برای برنامه‌ریزی شبکه‌های اکولوژیک، محسوب گردد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Introduction Today, according to an urban ecological network is considered as an approach to enhance the ecological values of urbanizing areas. Indeed, the concept of urban ecological network in relation to overcoming the natural environment and its fragmentation due to the human environment development appeared. This concept as a suggestion to protect the ecological elements of the urban structure in response to the disruption and destruction of its components was proposed. Ecological network structure based on the principles of landscape ecology include a combination of the landscape basic elements such as patches, corridors and matrix. These elements in urban areas consist of natural and artificial ecological layers so that the adjustment and how these layers adopt with each other are very important. Supporting the urban ecological networks is a factor to protect natural processes and biophysical functions in the cities, and promotes the system capability to cope with environmental pressures by balancing human and ecosystem services. In addition, maintaining the natural context and biodiversity in cities in order to create a connection with nature due to the environmental degradation and disruption of the urban ecological foundation, requires integration of ecology knowledge with the process of urban planning and design. The emergence of ecology as a distinct discipline has occurred in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century in Europe and North America. According to the evolution of urban ecological science and based on recent approaches, cities are presented as social-ecological systems that the resilience of these systems are affected by both socio-economic and biophysical patterns and functions. In fact, creation and restoration of the ecological network in the cities are considered as the practical application of urban ecology science in urban planning and design. This action is an important step toward achieving the goals such as maintaining natural context in urbanizing area, consolidating the relation between city and nature, and increasing urban ecological resilience. Side effects of unplanned urban developments are visible in Mashhad as a second most populous city in Iran. The elimination of greenways, fragmentation of gardens and green areas, burial of the natural streams and urban air pollution increment have all led to crippling natural systems, descend the quality of life and consequently decreased the ecological resilience of this city. With regard to the above issues, illustrating the position and importance of attention to urban ecological networks in urban development plans towards achieving ecological resilience is the main purpose of this research.
Materials & Methods The research method of this paper is a mixed method and both qualitative and quantitative methods for gathering and analyzing data are used according to different parts of the paper. Output data like qualitative maps and quantitative tables are created using ArcGIS 10.2 software. Period 1956 up to 2015 is selected in order to investigate the evolution of ecological structure components of Mashhad city in its development processes and analyzes the impact of these changes on the ecological resilience of the city. Based on Forman mosaic model, the ecological structure of the Mashhad city according to the spatial distribution of patches, corridors and matrix in 60 years period and times of 1956, 1987 and 2015 is analyzed and its quantitative and qualitative changes are studied. In order to extract the structural elements of the ecological network in the three listed times, the satellite images of Landsat OLI/8 [15 August 2015], Landsat TM/5 [20 July 1987], historical aerial photos of the years 1956 and 1987 for the study area of Mashhad and historical documents are used. The pre-processing of the satellite image to extract data mainly includes radiance calibration and atmospheric correction is done. The aerial photos of the years 1956 and 1987 are georeferenced and image mosaics are integrated using ArcGIS. Natural and man-made layers including hydrological maps, green space and accessibility network as the components of the ecological structure are identified by using aerial and satellite images and also historical documents. These layers along with other land cover classes such as arid lands, highlands and built areas are mapped in ArcGIS as classified shape files. Finally, the GIS maps of the Mashhad city in the three mentioned times are created, and qualitative and quantitative comparing of the components of the ecological structure through maps, statistic data and attribute tables are provided. Discussion of Results In accordance with the above description, the components of ecological networks based on the patch-corridor-matrix model as classified layers are extracted to determine the situation of ecological networks in Mashhad city. These layers are overlaid to analysis the ecological structure and urban function. - Natural and built green patches layer have an important role in an urban ecological structure which effect directly on the ecological activities of the city. - Hydrological network layer as the most important natural and built ecological corridors of urban landscape includes surface and subsurface streams. - Accessibility network layer as built ecological corridors in urban fabric includes main roads which connect the ecological patches in dense urban areas. Finally, the ecological structure of the Mashhad city in each considered period are created as union map by integration of natural and man-made layers above-mentioned. The Survey of the aerial photos and satellite images of the Mashhad city in the three periods and comparison of the quantities data obtained from the shape files of land cover layers as well as analysis the overlaying maps of these layers with GIS software techniques shows that about 1743 hectares of agricultural lands and about 630 hectares of green spaces in the year 1956 have been changed to built areas in the processes of urban development. Moreover, 2478 hectare of agricultural lands and about 513 hectares of green spaces in the year 1987 have been destroyed. The investigation of the water corridors during the 60 years of evolution shows their structural and functional changes. Mashhad city physical development was led to enclosure, blockage, redirection or removal of some of the corridors. Conclusion In this paper based on landscape ecology principles, the position and importance of urban ecological networks in urban development plans towards enhancing urban ecological resilience are discussed. Investigation the evolution and changes of the ecological networks during the 60 years period in the Mashhad city indicates that about 2373 hectares of green and agricultural lands in the year 1956, as well as 2991 hectares of these lands in the year 1987, were destroyed in the processes of urban development so that there is no trace of them in the ecological network in the year 2015. Thus, more than 5300 hectares of green patches were destroyed while these areas should be preserved for main reasons such as preventing the formation of urban heat islands, contributing to the penetration of runoff into underground aquifers in order to maintain natural water cycle, prevention of climate change and natural air filtration. As a result, the ecological resilience of Mashhad city has been decreased in the face of environmental hazards like climate change, air pollution, Drought and flood. Today, in this city the most important ecological elements of the past are streams and water corridors which are considered as a key factor to preserve nature in the Mashhad urban landscape. By recognizing and revitalizing these corridors that strengthen the ecological values of the city and link the open and green spaces to each other, the ecological structure of the city can be increased. The loss of network integrity, disruption of the network elements connection, negligence in maintaining the ecological corridors, unbalance distribution of natural elements and low ecological quality of patches and corridors are the main problems related to Mashhad ecological network. Finally, the corresponding strategies to these important problems are proposed by considering the different methods of intervention.
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